clewis, Author at Family Handyman https://www.familyhandyman.com/author/clewis/ Do it Yourself Home Improvement: Home Repair Thu, 01 May 2025 22:20:06 +0000 en-US hourly 6 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.4.2 https://www.familyhandyman.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/cropped-fhm-favicon.jpg?resize=32,32 clewis, Author at Family Handyman https://www.familyhandyman.com/author/clewis/ 32 32 Here’s Why Only One Side of Bubble Wrap Is Poppable https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/bubble-wrap/ Wed, 30 Apr 2025 21:14:33 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=670642 We tapped a moving expert to learn about how to properly use bubble wrap. We even asked about why is only one side of bubble wrap bubbly for protection

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Whether you’re curious about how to properly use bubble wrap for personal or professional reasons, you’ve come to the right place. You may not have considered how the method you use to wrap your items with bubble wrap can impact the success of your move or transportation of specific (and fragile) objects because you figure that as long as plastic bubbles are present, you’re in the clear. We hate to be the bearer of bad news, but you would be wrong. Knowing how to use bubble wrap properly is extremely important and can make or break your experience (and objects).

Ahead, a moving expert explains how to properly use bubble wrap and provides insights into how this essential moving material is made. They also share some information about the structure of bubble wrap, which features bubbles only on one side, and the consequences that you can potentially face if you opt to take the easy way out during the wrapping process.

How Is Bubble Wrap Made?

Bubble wrap is made from plastic, or more specifically, low or high-density polyethylene. “Bubble Wrap is typically made by melting and combining polyethylene beads into thin sheets,” explains Ross Sapir, the founder & CEO of Roadway Moving. “One of these sheets is formed over a roller with holes that create the bubbles by sucking air into them, while a second flat sheet is laminated on top to seal the bubbles in place.”

Why Is Only One Side of Bubble Wrap Bubbly?

Only one side of the bubble wrap bubbles due to the way it’s made: the second sheet is bubble-less because it’s flat to seal the bubbles of the first sheet in place.

Furthermore, Sapir adds that the flat side facilitates an easier moving, storing, stacking, and handling experience after it is wrapped around various objects. “This design also helps the bubbles stay intact longer by protecting them from direct pressure,” adds Sapir.

Does It Matter What Side You Use to Pack Delicate Items?

Yes, it does matter what side of the bubble wrap you use to pack delicate items. “The bubble side should face inward, toward the item you’re wrapping,” notes Sapir. This maximizes cushioning and prevents the item from directly hitting the hard surface of the outer wrap.” After all, the last thing you want is to invest in high-quality bubble wrap only to discover that you don’t know how to use it properly, causing damage to your fragile items.

How to Bubble Wrap

Having premium bubble wrap by your side is only as good as how it is wrapped. That said, knowing how to properly use bubble wrap is key. Sapir notes that bubble wrap should be used following the steps below:

  • Place the bubble wrap on a flat surface with the bubble side up
  • Center the item to be wrapped on the sheet.
  • Completely encase the item in the bubble wrap, making certain that the bubbles come into contact with the object to absorb any vibrations or shocks that may cause impact.
  • Use packing tape to secure the bubble wrap to your item.
  • Double wrap extra fragile items if needed.
  • Place the wrapped item in a box with cushioning via packing peanuts or crumpled paper.

About the Experts

  • Ross Sapir is the founder and ceo of Roadway Moving. He has overseen the packing and protection of thousands of household and specialty items, including fine art and televisions during the 17 years he has been leading the team at Roadway Moving. He is knowledgeable about bubble wrap since it is one of the company’s most essential packing materials.

Sources

RELATED: 

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10 Water-Saving Tips for Your Garden and Yard https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/save-water-lawn-tips/ Wed, 30 Apr 2025 16:25:30 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=669320 Implement these water-saving tips to cut down on your utility bill, reduce waste and keep your lawn and garden healthy year-round.

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Water, like everything else these days, is getting more expensive. In my town, the rate per gallon has more than doubled over the past two years, with another increase expected next year. Beyond the rising cost, water is a limited resource that deserves thoughtful use by both homeowners and municipalities.

To do your part and save some money in the process, opt for water-saving strategies and practices when planning and cultivating lawns and gardens. Ahead, we share ten practical water-saving tips, with input from two lawn and garden experts: Ryan Mange from CMS Landscaping and Joe Churchill from Reinders.

Choose drought-tolerant plants

This tip applies to lawns and gardens. When planting lawns, choose drought-tolerant grass seed types like buffalo grass, tall fescue or fine fescue, which require less watering once established. In garden beds, opt for drought-tolerant plants such as lavender, yarrow, salvia and black-eyed Susan to reduce the need for watering.

Add a rain barrel (or two)

Attached to your home’s gutter system, rain barrels make it easy to divert rainwater to your garden or lawn. I always have at least one rain barrel on my property and use it to water my flower containers. It’s a simple way to cut down on municipal water use, especially during dry spells. Even a single storm can fill a barrel, providing a free and sustainable water source for days.

Mulch well

“Proper mulching of plants and garden beds helps reduce water loss due to evaporation and retain water in root zones of trees, shrubs and other garden plants,” Mange says. “Three to four inches of mulch is plenty, and be sure not to pile it up around the trunks of trees and shrubs.” Organic mulches like wood chips, straw or shredded leaves can also improve soil quality over time as they break down.

Plant native shrubs

In the garden, choose native plants shrubs and perennial flowers. These set deep root systems and are more likely to ride out a dry spell. Native plants are also better adapted to local soil and climate conditions, which means they typically need less water, fertilizer and maintenance overall. Choosing the right plants can make a big difference in water usage.

Add organic matter to soil

“Organic material in the soil provides sites for both water and nutrients to adhere and be available for roots or plants,” Mange says. If your soil is hard and dry, consider amending it with compost or aged manure. This not only improves water retention but also enhances soil structure and supports healthier root growth.

Replace grass with ground cover

Ground covers like pachysandra, vinka vine and ivy require little maintenance once established, and need little to no water. The areas of pachysandra in my yard have never been watered and look great year after year.

Install a smart irrigation system

A smart irrigation system includes ground sensors placed strategically throughout your lawn. “These sensors will sense when the soil under your lawn is dry and will engage the system only when water is needed. And, just as importantly, tell your irrigation system when it’s not needed and can take the day (or two or three) off,” Churchill says. These systems “lead to precise usage and way less waste and runoff than older irrigation systems or watering with a garden hose,” Mange says.

Raise the mower height

Longer grass blades shade the soil and reduce evaporation caused by direct sun exposure by keep the ground cooler during hot weather. In addition, maintaining a taller grass height encourages deeper root growth, which improves the lawn’s drought resistance over time. Raise your mower deck to 4-in. for cooler-weather grass and to 3-in. for warm weather grass.

Only water during ideal conditions

Early morning is generally considered the best time to water, as temperatures are cool and the grass has time to absorb the water through the day. “Try to stay away from watering during the midday when ambient temps are hot, and it may be windy,” Churchill says. If temperatures are 85 degrees or higher, most of the water evaporates before hitting the ground. This is Watering on windy days prevents water from reaching its intended target.

Plant a low-water lawn alternative

Low-water lawn alternatives are becoming increasingly popular in water-scarce climates like California and Arizona. While initial installation costs can be expensive, artificial lawns offer the benefits of real grass without any need to water. Another option is to plant grass-like ground covers like clover, creeping thyme and buffalo grass that stay green, can handle minor foot traffic and require little to no water.

About the Experts

  • Joe Churchill is a Senior Turf Specialist with Wisconsin-based Reinders, a major distributor of lawn care products in the Midwest. He has over 25 years of experience in the turfgrass industry, is certified in Turfgrass Management with a B.A. in Geography and Horticulture from the University of Minnesota.
  • Ryan Mange is a Lawn/Plant Health Manager at CMS Landscaping, a full-service lawn care and irrigation company in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He is also an International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Certified Arborist.

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10 Weeds With Purple Flowers https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/weeds-with-purple-flowers/ https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/weeds-with-purple-flowers/#respond Wed, 30 Apr 2025 16:04:34 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?post_type=listicle&p=669752 Discover ten weeds with purple flowers that can support pollinators and add color to your yard.

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Burdock Gettyimages 1603933710

Burdock

With large, rough-textured leaves, burdock has distinctive, fast-growing foliage and pretty purple or pink flowers that look like thistles. The flowers later turn into burrs that cling to animals and clothing, helping the plant to spread prolifically. Growing to 4 to 5 feet tall in a single season, burdock is “considered invasive in North America, especially in the Pacific Northwest and Midwest,” Singh says. Manual removal is the best way to control burdock in your garden.

Fleabane Gettyimages 157161372

Fleabane

Fleabane resembles miniature daisies with their small purple, pink or white petaled flowers with yellow centers and long, narrow pointed leaves. Fleabane can be found in fields and roadsides, where it can rapidly spread and form clusters, especially in full sun. While not overly aggressive, fleabane will need management in a garden setting to control its spreading habit.

Besides its pretty purple flowers, fleabane can also be used as a bug repellant. “The leaves release compounds that are believed to help keep unwanted insects at bay,” Singh says. “It has been used to deter pests, including fleas (thus the name).”

Wild Violet Gettyimages 173846807

Wild Violet

A low-growing ground cover, wild violet has heart-shaped leaves and small purple or white flowers. Violet can be quite invasive in lawns and garden beds. “Since they are perennials and readily produce large amounts of viable seed, these plants can become problematic and remain that way for quite a while if not managed early on,” Schmitz says. “Control can be difficult, depending on your comfort level with using chemicals.” I’ve found broadleaf weed killer to be the most effective method for controlling wild violet in my lawn.

10 Weeds With Purple Flowers Gettyimages 158879649

Purple Deadknettle

Purple deadknettle produces small purple flowers and jagged, heart-shaped leaves that emerge from a single, central stem. Part of the mint family, it is a low-growing plant of 2 to 8 inches. One of the earliest plants to emerge in the spring, purple deadknettle is also an important food source for pollinators. “These plants are easily controlled via hand weeding in beds and rarely become an issue in turf because they are intolerant of mowing heights,” Schmitz says. “If you can tolerate them early in the season, it wouldn’t be a bad thing to let the bees have their fill before pulling these plants as other flowers come into bloom.”

Chicory Gettyimages 1163750076

Chicory

Often found in fields, meadows and along roadsides, chicory can be an attractive addition to a wildflower garden as well. Drought-tolerant and low-maintenance, it has delicate stems with purplish-blue, daisy-like flowers.

Chicory is considered an invasive plant in parts of the U.S. and can quickly take over if not carefully managed. “This stuff appears all over the place here in Maryland, where I live,” Singh says. “I see it pop up in different areas of my yard, near the driveway and along the road throughout the state.” Chicory also has medicinal properties and can be used as a coffee substitute.

Creeping Speedwell Gettyimages 1321920376

Creeping Speedwell

This fast-growing ground cover produces small, purplish blue flowers on delicate stems. The opposite-oriented leaves have a rose-bud appearance on new growth and can be an attractive addition to a garden. Considered invasive in some states, creeping speedwell can become problematic if not closely tended to. It is very hardy and drought-resistant, and will grow in large patches reaching 3 feet wide.

10 Weeds With Purple Flowers Gettyimages 1253404033

Heal-all

Heal-all produces tall, cone-shaped clusters of small, purple or pink flowers on the top of single stems with oval, serrated leaves. A low-growing plant, the flower stems stand a bit taller than the foliage, at 6 to 12 inches. An attractive addition to gardens, Heal-all is a spreading ground cover that will need to be managed to prevent a takeover. “If left unchecked, this plant can form masses of plants and stolons stretching out along the ground. It can be pulled by hand, but it is a laborious task,” Schmitz says. “Chemical applications are able to control this plant rather effectively.”

Comfrey Gettyimages 1337747765

Comfrey

With thick foliage consisting of spear-like, broad leaves, comfrey can be quite a presence in a garden, reaching heights of 2 to 4 feet. The real draw, however, is the clusters of drooping, bell-shaped purple, blue or pink flowers. If you want to add this to your pollinator garden, it will reach full size in a single season. However, it can be difficult to manage once established. Comfrey can thrive in less than ideal soils, and is drought-tolerant due to its deep tap taproots so it can be difficult to remove.

10 Weeds With Purple Flowers Aster Gettyimages 2186544746

Aster

Another weed with purple flowers that is great for pollinators, asters produce small, star-shaped purple or white petaled flowers with yellow centers. They have slender, delicate leaves and stems with a clumping growth habit and can grow 2 to 4 feet tall. While not a rapid grower, once established Aster will spread through underground rhizomes. However, aster is a manageable plant in gardens, only requiring occasional splitting and cutting back.

10 Weeds With Purple Flowers Ground Ivy Gettyimages 2149416050

Ground Ivy

Also known as Creeping Charlie, this opportunistic ground cover is commonly found in lawns and disturbed soil. Ground ivy produces small, purplish blue flowers and has foliage that mimics the look of clover. “It has the same square stems and attracts pollinators like other mints do, but there are few other redeeming qualities about this plant,” Schmitz says. “It crawls across the ground, rooting as it goes, creating an insidious sprawling mass of vines.” Manual removal and targeted broadleaf herbicide applications are the best methods to control this weed in beds and lawns.

About the Experts

  • Samuel Schmitz is a full-time faculty instructor in the Horticulture Department at Triton College in Illinois. He was formerly Ground Operations Supervisor for Ball Horticultural Company for 16 years.
  • Trisha Singh is the Vice President of Product at Garden for Wildlife, a program run by the National Wildlife Federation, which encourages wildlife-friendly gardening spaces. Trisha is a wildlife biologist who enjoys native plant gardening and helping to support others in their native gardening pursuits.

Sources

  • Clemson College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, “Heal-all

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Which Car Jack Do You Need? A Breakdown of The Most Common Types https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/types-of-car-jacks/ Tue, 29 Apr 2025 20:52:02 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=669758 Using the correct car jack will keep you safe and save headaches. From basic scissor jacks to pro-grade hydraulics, here's what to know.

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The first time we lifted up our high-top van to rotate the tires, the scissor jack that came with it buckled. Had someone been underneath it at the time, it could have been fatal. That was a stark illustration of just how important it is to learn how to use the various types of car jacks safely (and always include jack stands!), and to never assume that a jack is safe, even if it came stock with your vehicle.

“Safety is always of the utmost priority whenever doing any automotive work, whether you’re a novice or an expert,” says expert mechanic Alan Gelfand.

But also, so is convenience. If you’re just getting into fixing your own car, or upping your home mechanic game to the next level, getting the right jack will save you a lot of time and frustration.

Here’s how to pick the best car jack for your situation, plus pro-tips on safety and operation.

Scissor Jack

A scissor jack ($25-$80) is the basic, diamond-shaped jack that came with your car or SUV. Its main purpose is to allow you to change a flat on the side of the road. A scissor jack typically has a wider bottom and often a special top to lock onto a pinch weld on a unibody car, and when you hand-crank the handle, it moves a threaded rod.

“They are pretty safe if used correctly,” says master auto technician Chris “Moose” Pyle. “They can shrink down very small, they work fast, and they are lightweight.”

Pros

  • Comes with most vehicles;
  • Compact and lightweight;
  • Can be easily stored in the trunk;
  • Affordable.

Cons

  • Slow operation;
  • Limited height range;
  • Less stable than other types;
  • Limited weight capacity.

Safety precautions: “Never get under a car supported only by a scissor jack,” says Gelfand. “They’re designed exclusively for tire changes.”

Pro-tip: Lightly grease the screw mechanism periodically to avoid seizing.

Bottle Jack

If you have a higher-clearance or heavier vehicle, you might keep a bottle jack ($20-$100) on board or in your shop for tire changes and maintenance. Bottle jacks use hydraulic pressure to extend their ram straight up, usually by way of a hand pump, though some have air-powered cylinders.

“They can lift a crazy amount of weight,” says Pyle. “They are simple to use and very compact. However, the base and top of the jack are small, so they tend to sink into the ground, and the vehicle can fall off the jack if it moves excessively.”

Pros

  • Very high-weight capacity for size;
  • Compact design;
  • Affordable;
  • Heavy-duty ones can double for industrial applications.

Cons

  • Requires higher initial ground clearance;
  • Less stable base.

Safety pro-tip: “They can kick out if not placed on solid, level ground, so store a piece of plywood in your trunk as an emergency tool to create a solid surface for roadside repairs,” says Gelfand.

Rolling/Hydraulic Floor Jack

For most home DIY repairs, a floor jack ($50-$500) is the way to go. It’s like a bottle jack, but more stable, with a wider base and top. Roll it around by hand, then pump it up with a lever.

“They are designed not to be picked up, but still can be,” says Pyle. “The convenience is to just roll it around using the pump handle. This is the safest jack of them all, and most commonly seen in a shop”.

Pros

  • Quickly lifts vehicles;
  • Minimal effort;
  • Relatively high lift capacity;
  • Stable platform.

Cons

  • Heavy and bulky;
  • Can leak hydraulic fluid over time.

Safety precautions: Always use jack stands with floor jacks, check for hydraulic leaks before each use and never exceed its stated weight rating.

Pro-tip: “For European sports cars and lowered vehicles, select a low-profile model that provides about a 3-inch clearance,” says Gelfand.

Quick-Lift/Racing Jack

If you have the funds, you can upgrade your floor jack to an aluminum racing jack ($150-$1,000), which is lighter weight and often includes carry handles. These types of jacks use dual-pump mechanisms to lift vehicles quickly with minimal pumping.

“This is an investment worth making for car owners who tinker frequently, because this model features an easy-to-remove handle for improved storage,” says Gelfand.

Pros

  • Extremely fast lifting;
  • Lightweight aluminum construction.

Cons

  • More expensive than standard floor jacks;
  • Can be overkill for casual users.
  • Safety pro-tip: Speed can lead to carelessness, so don’t forget that these still require jack stands for safety.

Service Jack

Professional auto service centers often use service jacks ($300-$1,500). They’re similar to floor jacks, but with pro-grade lifting capacities and higher-quality parts. Some models also use compressed air to activate hydraulic lifting ($200-$1,000+).

Pros

  • Durability;
  • Smooth, fast operation;
  • Reliable for daily use and professional environments;
  • Hydraulic versions minimize physical effort.

Cons

  • Expensive;
  • Unnecessary features for DIY repairs;
  • Hydraulic versions require an external air compressor;
  • Hydraulic versions are more complex, thus have more potential failure points.

Safety warnings: Despite being pro-grade, these still require proper jack stands. And if you’re using a hydraulic version, regularly check the air connections and hydraulic seals.

Pro-tip: “If your garage floor has uneven areas, then choose models featuring swivel casters installed on all wheels,” says Gelfand.

High Lift/Farm Jack

This multipurpose jack ($50 to $200) is popular with off-roaders as well as on farms. It doesn’t go under the car, but rather lifts it from the bumper, using a vertical rod with a notched lifting bar and moveable climbing mechanism. Each stroke of the handle moves it up around 1.5″, which means it can lift a lot of weight quickly, up to three or four feet in the air.

“They have more features than just lifting,” says Pyle. “A couple of guys can lift a jeep to max height and then push the jack and vehicle over to get the stuck tires out of ruts. It can be used vertically too, with chains attached to it, making it a come-along.”

Pros

  • Extreme lift height, up to 60″;
  • Versatile for off-road recovery;
  • Can be used for winching.

Cons

  • Requires steel bumper in some situations;
  • Dangerous if used improperly;
  • Heavy;
  • Requires significant effort.

Safety warning: These are extremely dangerous if the handle slips, so they require careful attention when operating.

Pro-tip: Add a large baseplate accessory to prevent sinking in soft terrain, and never use this type of jack for standard vehicle maintenance, says Gelfand.

Transmission Jack

If you’re tackling a transmission swap, then this is your jack ($200-$1,000). It has an adjustable cradle, which is specifically designed to carry drivetrain components.

Pros

  • Allows precise positioning;
  • Specially designed for heavy, awkward components.

Cons

  • Expensive;
  • Single-purpose tool.

Safety warnings: Ensure the load is properly secured before moving, and check the hydraulic system regularly.

Pro-tip: Before removal or installation, always use ratchet straps to secure the transmission to the cradle, says Gelfand.

Jack Stands

Regardless of what type of jack you choose, jack stands ($20-$100) are an essential complement. They are designed specifically for safety, and once in place, offer firm support for vehicles raised into the air.

“The most essential safety rule, which applies to every type of jack, is that you should never depend solely on the hydraulic or mechanical lifting system to hold up a vehicle during maintenance work,” says Gelfand. “After lifting the vehicle, always move the weight to suitable jack stands.”

Pros

  • Essential safety equipment;
  • Inexpensive insurance against catastrophic failure.

Cons

  • Additional step in the process that some people skip; Not buying a high-quality enough model for your vehicle’s weight capacity.

Safety warning: Never work under a vehicle without proper jack stands in place, and inspect the ratcheting mechanisms before each use. Before starting to work under a vehicle, double-check its stability and your jack stand placement. It’s also wise to keep a minimum of two pairs of jack stands with varying capacities around the shop.

About the Experts

  • Alan Gelfand is owner of German Car Depot, an independent automotive service center in Hollywood, Florida. During his extensive career, he has used nearly every jack type for both professional work and in emergency situations.
  • Chris “Moose” Pyle is a master-certified technician with 20-plus years of automotive experience. He has also worked as an expert for JustAnswer, the expert on-demand platform, since 2006.

RELATED: 

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12 Home Projects That Will Cost More Due to Tariffs https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/home-projects-cost-increase-tariffs/ Tue, 29 Apr 2025 20:28:56 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=669753 Dog houses, DIY furniture and kitchen remodels are just a few of the home projects that will cost you more. Here's what to expect with 2025 tariffs.

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As the claws of the ever-evolving rounds of tariffs take hold, pretty much every home project will be impacted, especially those including lumber, metals, drywall, cement, stone, appliances and electronics. “These changes are coming fast, so it’s important to prepare yourself,” says George Carrillo, CEO of the Hispanic Construction Council. “Whether you’re remodeling a bathroom, crafting furniture or fixing your car, the next few weeks are critical for avoiding financial stress later on.”

In general, to help mitigate the higher costs, compare prices, get multiple quotes, tackle projects now before tariffs are in full swing, or scale down your plans. While the higher costs are frustrating, a little urgency and creativity can help.

Here are some specific home projects that tariffs will impact, what experts expect in terms of price increases, and how to have it sting a little less financially.

Projects That Will Cost More Due to Tariffs

DIY Furniture

It’s no secret that lumber will get more expensive under the tariffs, and that includes both softwoods like Canadian pine, plus European hardwoods like white oak. Also, metal hardware, like European hinges and fasteners, with cost more.

“Even smaller DIY projects won’t be spared,” says Carrillo. “Some raw materials costs are likely to climb by 30% or more.”

For a DIY custom dining table:

  • Cost before tariffs: $500
  • Cost after tariffs: $650

To cut costs:

  • Use reclaimed wood;
  • Source from local sawmills;
  • Simplify designs to use less material.

Aging-In-Place Projects

With the stock market and 401(k)s also taking hits, the price of home projects for retirees is becoming particularly daunting.

“Costs for renovations needed to help seniors age-in-place will increase because of tariffs imposed by the Trump administration,” says Neal K. Shah, CEO of CareYaya Health Technologies. “This will affect the lowest-income seniors the most.”

Examples include bathroom safety modifications like grab bars and walk-in tubs, widening doorways for wheelchair accessibility, wheelchair ramps, non-skid floors and accessible kitchen cabinetry and fixtures.

For a DIY wheelchair ramp:

  • Cost before tariffs: $1,700
  • Cost after tariffs: $2,000

To cut costs:

  • Buy supplies early, giving top priority to grab bars and non-slip surfaces;
  • Use composite decking materials made in the U.S., when possible;
  • Think of reconfiguring rooms, instead of replacing;
  • Look into short-term solutions, like non-slip mats;
  • Talk to specialists about designing continued living at home;
  • Remember costs for some evaluations might be covered by Medicare Part B.

Room Remodeling

In general, all home remodeling projects will increase in price. On the minor end, metal tariffs mean aluminum windows and doors will cost more. Paint and drywall are also projected to rise by 10% and 22%, respectively.

“Because Mexico supplies over 70% of American drywall, a tariff on this material translates directly to increased remodeling costs, as it is generally standard practice in today’s construction and doesn’t have a simple substitute,” says ADU contractor Paul Dashevsky.

For a dining room remodel:

  • Cost before tariffs: $8,000
  • Cost after tariffs: $9,500

To cut costs:

  • Use vinyl windows, instead of aluminum;
  • Lock in remodel costs now;
  • Downscale projects.

Kitchen Makeovers

The cost of kitchen updates will rise, in part due to higher prices for appliances, which have both electric and sheet-metal components. Cabinet doors and panels will also go up.

“The majority of high-end MDF and veneer panels are manufactured in China and the EU,” says interior designer Alecia Taylor. “Refrigerators, ovens and dishwashers often have imported components, too, so expect a probable 5% to 15% price hike.”

For a kitchen makeover:

  • Cost before tariffs: $25,000
  • Cost after tariffs: $27,500

To cut costs:

  • Use American-made countertop materials;
  • Consider cabinet refacing instead of full replacements;
  • Purchase energy-efficient appliances now, before increases hit retail;
  • Look for scratch-and-dent appliance specials.

Bathroom Remodels

In bathrooms specifically, brace for higher costs on items like high-end bathtubs and faucets, which are imported from Germany and Japan. Ceramic tiles and aluminum-framed shower doors will also go up in price.

“Imported Italian and Spanish marble vanities and shower surrounds will see a 20% added cost,” says Taylor. Lighting and smart features, like imported smart showers and LED mirrors will also be more expensive, thanks to the tariffs on electronics.

For a bathroom remodel:

  • Cost before tariffs: $10,000
  • Cost after tariffs: $11,500

To cut costs:

  • Use domestic quartz or porcelain in place of imported marble;
  • Swap in more affordable materials like vinyl tiles;
  • Buy fixtures in advance before suppliers hike prices;
  • Look for closeouts on older warehouse models.

Car Repair and Tools

Experts expect car parts to rise significantly due to steel and aluminum tariffs. Electronics tariffs will also cause the price of power tools to go up by a projected 15 to 20%, says Carrillo. “Car repairs are already feeling the strain,” he says.

For a DIY radiator replacement:

  • Cost before tariffs: $500
  • Cost after tariffs: $750

To cut costs:

  • Act now on non-DIY repairs before costs go up;
  • Buy parts now for DIY repairs you know you’ll eventually need, like brake pads;
  • Explore used and aftermarket parts.

DIY Pet Enclosures

Brace for sticker shock if you have a doghouse or catio on your to-do list. Wood and metal tariffs mean that regardless of your design, it’s going to cost more.

“Metal doghouses will see the steepest increases,” says Baltimore-based contractor Yaeir Moinzadeh. “Simple items, like roofing felt and wood preservatives, will also be affected by these broad tariffs.”

For a DIY wooden doghouse:

  • Cost before tariffs: $250
  • Cost after tariffs: $300

To cut costs:

  • Choose composite materials made in the U.S., over metal components;
  • Use scrap wood and metal, or other up-cycled materials;
  • Choose a simpler design or a prefab kit that was manufactured before the tariffs.

New Roof

Yep, roofs are no exception to projects that will be impacted by tariffs. Steel and aluminum roofing panels and siding will be the hardest hit, but asphalt shingles will rise, too, along with flashing and gutters.

“Even smaller components like nails and adhesives are seeing price hikes because of supply chain disruptions and higher raw material costs,” says Robert O’Sullivan, a roofing contractor in Massachusetts.

For a new asphalt shingle roof:

  • Cost before tariffs: $18,000
  • Cost after tariffs: $19,800

To cut costs:

  • Act quickly, before material costs go up;
  • Lock in replacement deals at current prices;
  • Consider alternatives like synthetic slate or composite shingles.

And in general, “Keep aside extra funds for unexpected expenses,”says O’Sullivan. “Many contractors offer financing plans to spread the expenditures in a structured way so that it doesn’t feel like a burden. So, go for them!”

Swimming Pools and Driveways

According to Dashevsky, over 25% of cement and concrete are imported from Canada and Mexico, so tariffs on those products directly affect the cost of walkways, driveways and pool construction.

In addition, projects such as these that are more labor-intensive and less DIY-able could also see a rise in contractor rates because of increasing labor shortages. Non-citizen immigrants make up around 40% of concrete construction workers, and fear of deportation and actual deportation due to new immigration policies and enforcement is expected to drive up wages.

For a new swimming pool:

  • Cost before tariffs: $60,000
  • Cost after tariffs: $69,000

To cut costs:

  • For driveways, consider alternate surfaces such as gravel and pavers;
  • For sidewalks, consider repairing vs. replacing surfaces;
  • Contract pool projects now, before prices rise.

New Deck

No surprise that the costs of adding a wooden deck and outfitting it with style will also be on the rise. That’s because, “for a standard wooden deck, we would use softwood lumber from Canada,” says construction manager Docia Boylen. “Plus, outdoor furniture and decorative items are expected to increase in price by 10% to 15%.”

For a new deck:

  • Cost before tariffs: $15,000
  • Cost after tariffs: $17,250

To cut costs:

  • Look into locally-sourced woods;
  • Consider composite materials, especially those manufactured in the US like Trex.

DIY Home Repairs

In general, expect prices on all home repair materials to rise, especially with plumbing, electrical and HVAC.

“South American copper faces higher tariffs, affecting plumbing and electrical supplies,” says Taylor. Also “the majority of heating and cooling units contain imported European compressors and Chinese circuit boards.”

For a basic DIY water-heater piping repair:

  • Cost before tariffs: $40
  • Cost after tariffs: $46

For a new HVAC system:

  • Cost before tariffs: $7,500
  • Cost after tariffs: $8,700

To cut costs:

  • Repair and replace old systems sooner than later, before prices rise;
  • Buy domestically assembled sets if available.

New House Construction

Beyond home projects, the cost of lumber for framing a new single-family house expected to rise by around $9,200, estimates the National Association of Home Builders. “The good news is that we haven’t seen the prices increase at the supply houses yet,” says construction manager Mike German. “It may be worthwhile to purchase items for a summer project in advance in anticipation of the change,”

Cost of one framing 2×4:

  • Cost before tariffs: $4
  • Cost after tariffs: $5.6

To cut costs:

  • Negotiate contracts and lock in prices early;
  • Consider a simplified architectural design and smaller square footage;
  • Get creative with less-conventional building and materials approaches.

About the Experts

RELATED: 

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Your Next Bathroom Upgrade Will Cost Way More—Here’s Why https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/bathroom-structure-price-hikes-tariffs/ Tue, 29 Apr 2025 20:16:45 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=670644 Tariffs on steel are raising home plumbing costs; the price of basic items will increase significantly.

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There’s a lot of chatter in the plumbing industry about how the new steel tariffs are impacting the prices of plumbing fixtures. This viral Reddit post from a construction company estimator noted that in early May, Delta Faucet Company plans on raising prices by around 7.5% and Kohler by 15% to 18%.

In the post, he wrote that one of his supplier stated: “Our company has been in business for almost 30 years and we have never seen such drastic price changes across the board in such a short amount of time.”

In the post’s comments, a pipefitter noted that supplier Nibco said valve prices would go up by 40%. Other contractors wrote that customers were canceling projects and pushing back start dates because of the tariffs on steel and other materials, including wood, drywall and more.

“As someone who works on a daily basis with homeowners on kitchen and bath renovations, I can confirm that suppliers are already priming us for price adjustments coming in May,” says interior designer Alecia Taylor. “It’s not just high-end shower units or faucets that are being targeted; even basic plumbing fixtures and components are being affected.”

Master plumber and business owner Aaron Adams says he has been getting many questions from his customers about how the tariffs are impacting steel and other materials prices. “We have already received our first notices of price increases, and we’re confident that many more are coming,” he says. “While we’ll do our best to absorb as much of this cost as possible, at some point, our price will need to increase as well.”

The additional tariffs on steel, which are being put in place by the current Presidential administration, are impacting plumbing primarily because the U.S. gets much of its steel from Canada, Mexico and Brazil. Delta, Kohler and Nibco did not respond to Family Handyman’s request for comment, but numerous contractors verified the price hikes.

Plumbing distributor heavyweight Ferguson Enterprises told Family Handyman that while they strive to maintain competitive pricing for customers and find alternative products, “As Ferguson receives price increase notifications from our manufacturer partners, we immediately implement those price increases,” communications director Carey VonOhlen wrote in an email. “Every business in our industry is impacted by the current, constantly evolving tariff landscape, resulting in volatile pricing that changes day by day and hour by hour.

While these hikes will affect everything from new commercial construction projects to school updates and maintenance, it is low and middle-income households who will likely feel the impacts the most acutely, says George Carrillo, CEO of the Hispanic Construction Council.

“Even modest increases on everyday fixtures, like Peerless shower heads, can stretch tight budgets,” he says. Carrillo also voiced concern about contractors and small construction firms facing significant hurdles as these rising costs cut into their already slim margins and limit their ability to plan effectively. “With global economic policies continuing to influence material costs, this development may signal a long-term shift in pricing across the home improvement industry,” he said.

Beyond raising the price of plumbing — and nearly every other construction and home-improvement material — the tariffs have also destabilized the construction industry as a whole, say many contractors.

“What’s more concerning is that many large-scale projects, especially new builds and multi-unit developments, are being paused or re-evaluated,” says Taylor. “The unpredictability is creating a ripple effect for contractors and designers.”

Small business lender Ben Johnston said this problem is unlikely to reverse anytime soon, if at all. “Given the magnitude of these new tariffs, there is no question that housing will be more expensive to build, maintain and improve for Americans in the coming months,” he says. “We can expect these tariffs to both spur inflation and lower overall consumption, slowing the economy.”

About the Experts

RELATED: 

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12 Common Household Items That Will Ruin Your Septic Tank https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/septic-tank-no-flush-list/ https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/septic-tank-no-flush-list/#respond Mon, 28 Apr 2025 20:13:54 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?post_type=listicle&p=670132 Your septic tank can create huge problems when it gets sick. Keep it healthy by never introducing these items into your drains or toilets.

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A used coffee portafilter with spent coffee grounds forming a clump next to it. A clean stainless steel kitchen sink with a garbage disposal visible in the drain.

Coffee Grounds

At the top of this list of what not to flush down a septic tank is a common kitchen waste item that doesn’t readily dissolve. “Coffee grounds don’t break down and can add a sludge buildup,” advises Shaylin King, a licensed plumber. They sink to the bottom of the tank and pile up, reducing the amount of space in the tank for water. The same goes for eggshells.

What happens if you flush them

If you flush coffee grounds, you won’t notice the effects immediately, but your tank will fill up faster than it should, and you’ll have to have it pumped more often.

You’re unlikely to have a problem if you flush coffee grounds once or twice, but don’t do it regularly. The more often you flush grounds, the faster your tank will fill and the sooner you’ll have to pump it.

Safer alternatives

Put coffee grounds (and eggshells) in the trash or, better yet, use them as garden fertilizer. If your waste management service separates compostable items from landfill, put these items in with the compost.

A wooden crate holds various cleaning supplies, including bottles and brushes, surrounded by towels, set against a backdrop of light-colored wood paneling.

Antibacterial Soaps

Antibacterial soaps kill beneficial bacteria in the septic tank, according to Omarr Picken, a plumber from Australia, and Ian Wood, a drainage and plumbing expert from the UK.

What happens if you flush them

If you use these soaps for washing and cleaning, and then flush them down the toilet or pour them into the sink drain, you’ll hinder the tank’s ability to decompose organic matter. The undigested matter ends up adding to the sludge layer or possibly even clogging the system.

Safer alternatives

If you flush antibacterial soap, you can’t undo that action, so — since you’re on a septic system — the best course is to switch to a non-antibacterial soap product.

pills-trash-1

Medications

Flushing medications you aren’t using seems like an easy way to get rid of them, but they also belong on the list of what not to flush down a septic tank. “Medications being flushed down into the septic tank can cause a disruption in the natural bacterial ecosystem inside the tank,” says Shaylin King, who is a licensed plumber.

What happens if you flush them

Medications, especially antibacterial ones, can cause the same problems as antibacterial soaps, namely sludge buildup and clogging. Moreover, the ones that dissolve can flow into the drain field and contaminate the groundwater.

Safer alternatives

It may seem like a lot of trouble, but the safest way to dispose of medications is to collect them and dispose of them as hazardous waste.

Harsh Cleaning Chemicals

Harsh Cleaning Chemicals

Harsh cleaning chemicals like bleach are known for their ability to disinfect, and that may be a good thing for a swimming pool, but it’s bad for a septic tank or a drain field.

What happens if you flush them

“Folks don’t think about things like bleach or harsh cleaning chemicals and often do flush these into a septic system – these disrupt the good bacteria balance that is needed for a well maintained septic system,” advises Yesenia Soto, whose job is to research and develop drain cleaning products. What’s more, when they make it to the drain field, they can interfere with the organic balance of the soil.

The experts I interviewed all agreed that bleach probably won’t do any damage in small amounts, so don’t worry if you flush it once or twice, but don’t make a habit of it.

Safer alternatives

If you don’t have an alternative way to dispose of harsh cleaners, consider using alternative cleaning chemicals like vinegar, baking soda or hydrogen peroxide.

Cooking Oils/Fats

Cooking Oils/Fats

“Definitely avoid introducing cooking oils or fats” into your septic tank, cautions Soto. “This can create a blockage in your septic system.”

What happens if you flush them

Oils and fats don’t dissolve. They float on the surface of the water and eventually flow into the drain field, where they end up clogging the soil and hindering its percolation properties. When the odorous water can’t drain, it remains on the surface of the ground and slowly evaporates, broadcasting sewer smells in all directions. The only remedy is to move the drain field, which will be complicated and costly.

Safer alternatives

Allow oil, grease and fat to cool and solidify, then put it in a container and dispose of it in the trash.

open tin of paint and cleaning solvent

Paint and Paint Solvents

Who hasn’t washed their paintbrush in the sink? By itself, this probably won’t do much damage, but in general, paint and paint solvents belong on the list of what not to flush down a septic tank.

What happens if you flush them

Liquid solvents and water-soluble paints end up in the drain field, where Soto warns they can contaminate the groundwater. She cautions to avoid even flushing acetone-based nail polish remover.

Oil-based paints that don’t dissolve will sink to the bottom of the tank and add to the sludge layer.

Safer alternatives

Collect used paint and solvents in appropriate containers and dispose of them as hazardous waste.

flushable wipe package on the back of a toilet

Flushable Wipes

Don’t be fooled by the label “flushable” if you’re on a septic system. “Certain “flushable” wipes, do not break down that well and can cause blockages,” advises Picken.

What happens if you flush them

When flushable wipes don’t dissolve, they can clog the outflow pipes to the drain field and ultimately cause septic water to back up into the house. Moreover, any disinfectants with which they are treated can disrupt the chemical balance in the tank.

Safer alternatives

Flushable or not, put your used wipes in the trash.

A baking tray filled with soapy water holds overlapping sheets of parchment paper, creating bubbles on the surface, situated on a marbled countertop.

Dryer Sheets

My house is on a septic system, and the dryer is in the main bathroom. That makes it tempting to flush used dryer sheets in the toilet, but we never do that. Some people do, though, and that’s a no-no.

What happens if you flush them

“Dryer sheets can clump and cause backups,” says King. Moreover, the chemicals with which they are treated, including sulfate salts, act as disinfectants and disrupt the chemical balance of the tank. Dryer sheets also contain nitrogen, which is a leading contributor to algae bloom that contaminate groundwater, according to Tri County Septic.

Safer alternatives

Put used dryer sheets in the trash.

The kitten sits in the litter box. red kitten pees in her litter box.

Cat Litter

Adding traditional cat litter to the list of what not to flush down a septic tank is a no-brainer, but some products are advertised as flushable and even septic-safe. However, Wood warns: “Things like cat litter (even the flushable stuff) can clog up your system or mess with the bacteria balance.”

What happens if you flush it

Even if cat litter is flushable, there’s no guarantee all of it will dissolve, and what doesn’t dissolve will settle into the sludge layer or possibly clog the outflow pipes and cause a septic backup.

Safer alternatives

Save the litter bag, use it to collect the used litter, and throw it away in the trash.

Dryer Lint

Washing Machine and Dryer Lint

Wood flagged washing machine and dryer lint as additions to the list of what not to flush down a septic tank, and if you’ve ever had a drain clogged by lint, you’ll know why. Lint, like hair, can get caught in pipe joints and provide a substrate on which other things can collect.

What happens if you flush it

The lint that floats can flow into the outflow pipes and cause clogs. Lint that doesn’t float sinks to the bottom of the tank and unnecessarily adds to the sludge layer. If your tank has a transfer pump, lint can gum up the pump mechanism.

Safer alternatives

Throw lint away in the trash.

Heavy Duty Drain Cleaners

Heavy Duty Drain Cleaners

Picken cautions against flushing heavy-duty drain cleaners, which typically contain highly caustic chemicals like sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. They have the same effect on the bacterial balance in a septic tank as disinfectants and antibacterial soap, only more so.

What happens if you flush them

Alkaline and acidic drain cleaners work by dissolving organic matter, which is great for cleaning drain pipes but terrible for the microorganisms that promote digestion in a septic tank. When used in enough quantity, they can turn the contents of the tank into a stagnant mess. Besides that, they can also corrode metal pipes and pipe fittings.

Safer alternatives

If you’re on a septic system, you should avoid using harsh drain cleaners altogether. Use slower-acting and safer enzymatic drain cleaners. Soto recommends Green Gobbler Septic Saver Pods to help replenish beneficial bacteria and introduce enzymes. Other popular brands include Drano Max Buildup Remover (not the original Drano crystals, which contain sodium hydroxide) and Liquid-Plumbr Pro Strength Clog Destroyer Gel.

A person uses string to pull tight against a wooden piece with visible glue in a crack, amid a workshop setting with tools nearby.

Dental Floss

Picken also cautions against flushing dental floss.

What happens if you flush it

Like hair and lint, dental floss doesn’t dissolve, and it can catch on fittings inside the tank and on outflow pipes where it collects other debris and causes clogs. It will also gum up the mechanism of your transfer pump, if you have one.

Safer alternatives

Throw dental floss away with the trash, or check out these creative uses for using it around the house.


About the Experts

Sources

RELATED: 

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Hairy Bittercress: How to Identify and Get Rid of It https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/hairy-bittercress/ Mon, 28 Apr 2025 19:40:36 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=669880 Hairy bittercress is a fast-growing, cool-season weed. Learn how to remove it and prevent it from spreading with these expert-approved tips.

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Hairy bittercress is a fast-spreading, cool-season weed that can quickly overtake your lawn if you don’t take the right precautions. Fortunately, with the right maintenance and preventative measures, you can keep this superabundant spreader from turning your grass from lush to lacking. I spoke with three turfgrass experts to get their tips for preventing and controlling hairy bittercress.

What Is Hairy Bittercress?

Hairy bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), or Lamb’s cress, flickweed, spring cress, or wood cress, is a low-growing, fast-spreading annual weed. Lawn care professional John D. Steiner explains that the plant belongs to the mustard family and thrives in cool, moist, shaded environments.

Hairy bittercress is native to Europe and Western Asia but has naturalized throughout much of North America. It grows readily in USDA hardiness zones 4 to 8. While it’s a winter weed that’s most prolific from late fall through early spring, it can linger year-round when conditions are ideal.

What Does Hairy Bittercress Look Like?

Are you unsure if it’s weedy, hairy bittercress emerging in your lawn? Steiner explains that this small, low-growing plant features pinnately compound leaves that divide into smaller, rounded or kidney-shaped leaflets.

“The plant produces small, white, four-petaled flowers, which develop into slender, elongated seed pods that burst open when mature, dispersing seeds explosively,” he says. Developing like a dandelion in a basal rosette, the leaves range from half an inch to one inch in size, and the flowers reach 3 to 9 inches tall.

Why Is Hairy Bittercress a Problem?

“Hairy Bittercress can be difficult to control due to its rapid lifecycle and high seed production,” Steiner says. “It completes its life cycle in just a few weeks, allowing multiple generations per year in favorable conditions.” He explains that even when conditions aren’t ideal, the seeds can remain viable for years in the soil, making eliminating these weeds from your lawn challenging.

Hairy bittercress seed pods, known as silique, contain as many as 30 seeds. When ejected from the pod, the seeds can land up to 16 feet away. This means you might treat one patch of lawn, only to discover these plants popping up on a separate patch later in the season. Plus, the seeds don’t have any dormancy requirements (a period of time when the seeds can’t germinate—even when conditions are right), and they germinate rapidly, reaching maturity and reseeding within five weeks.

The small, sticky seeds cling to containers and the underside of shoes, so you might not realize you’re bringing them home from a nursery or riverside walk, allowing them to spread into your yard sneakily.

How To Prevent Hairy Bittercress

Fortunately, there are some simple strategies you can employ to help prevent hairy bittercress from taking over your lawn or borders.

Promote a healthy lawn

A thick, healthy lawn not only looks good, it blocks out the light and space that hairy bittercress seeds need to germinate.

Plant genetics expert Matthew Koch recommends using a 3-in-1 grass seed, fertilizer and soil improver mix to help fix a patchy lawn. He also cautions against overwatering and suggests aerating your soil to break up compacted ground and improve drainage. “Since hairy bittercress prefers damp conditions, addressing excess moisture can make your lawn less hospitable to it,” he says.

Plant a dense ground cover

If you’re worried about hairy bittercress taking hold in non-lawn areas of your landscape, consider selecting a densely growing, low-maintenance ground cover, like thyme, that can choke out those unwanted weeds. Another option is to add a deep layer of coarse-textured mulch or some gravel.

Avoid spread from nursery plants and pots

Always wash out any nursery containers you plan to reuse to minimize the chance of stowaway sticky seeds spreading to your soil. Also, before planting any new greenhouse-propagated plants, check their soil for signs of germinating hairy bittercress sitting alongside them.

Minimize soil disturbance

Steiner recommends only digging or tilling your garden when absolutely necessary. “Disturbing the soil can bring buried seeds to the surface, triggering germination,” he says.

How To Get Rid of Hairy Bittercress

If your preventative strategies haven’t kept hairy bittercress at bay, here are some methods for getting rid of this weed.

Pre-emergence control

Applying a pre-emergence weed control product in late summer or early fall prevents those persistent seeds from germinating. “Several pre-products (dithiopyr, isoxaben, and oryzalin) have activity on hairy bittercress in turfgrass,” Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist Grady L. Miller says. Application instructions vary, so always carefully read the label, and don’t expect these products to work on emerged plants.

Post-emergence control

When you want to get rid of hairy bittercress that’s already established, you can apply selective or non-selective weed control products. “Post control can be achieved with several applications of mixtures of 2,4-D, carfentrazone, dicamba, MCPP, MCPA and/or sulfentrazone,” Miller says. “Other post options included atrazine/simazine (where appropriate/labeled), imazaquin, metribuzin, metsulfuron, triclopyr (alone or in combination with other broadleaf control products such as fluroxypyr or 2,4-D).”

It’s best to apply these products before the plant produces seeds, and always check the label for application instructions and to ensure it’s suitable for use on your lawn.

Pulling manually

Pulling these shallow-rooted weeds by hand or with a tool is a more time-consuming, physical removal method, but it’s a natural way to kill weeds and means you won’t risk damaging the surrounding lawn or ornamental species.

“Hand-pulling is most effective in moist soil when the roots can be easily extracted,” Steiner says. He also recommends doing this before plants flower and set seeds.

Regular mowing

Don’t panic if you’re not quick enough with chemical controls and there are too many hairy bittercress plants on your lawn to pull manually. “Regular mowing before the plant flowers prevents its seed pods from exploding and spreading seeds,” Koch says.

FAQ

Is hairy bittercress poisonous to animals?

Hairy bittercress is not poisonous to animals, so you don’t have to worry about your dog or pet rabbit nibbling on any untreated weeds appearing on your lawn. The leaves are actually edible, and their mild, peppery flavor makes them popular salad additions.

About the Experts

  • Matthew Koch is the Director of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Seed at Scotts and has a PhD in plant genetics and breeding from Rutgers University.
  • John D. Steiner is the Regional Manager for NaturaLawn of America. He is a licensed, seasoned lawn care professional with over 38 years of experience.
  • Grady L. Miller, PhD, is a Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist in the Crop and Soil Sciences Department at North Carolina State University. His research activities are centered on cultivar evaluation, irrigation practices, turfgrass nutrition, and athletic field maintenance practices.

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Here’s How Much Water Your Grass Really Needs https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/how-much-to-water-lawn/ Mon, 28 Apr 2025 19:31:53 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=669755 The experts explain the factors affecting how much to water a lawn, and why overwatering can be as problematic as underwatering.

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Before I started learning about landscaping, I always thought the more the merrier was a good mantra when considering how much to water my lawn. However, overwatering can be as much of a problem as underwatering for turfgrasses, both leading to yellowing and other lawn health issues.

I spoke with two turfgrass experts to understand how much to water lawns to keep them looking lush and what factors influence watering frequency and volume.

How Much Should I Water My Lawn?

“Most lawns require about 1 to 1.5 inches of water per week, either from rainfall or irrigation,” John Kaminski, Associate Professor of Turfgrass Management in the College of Agricultural Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University, explains. Also, it’s best to water deeply and slowly once or twice a week rather than a light daily watering, which won’t support the development of deep grass roots.

However, while this is a helpful guide, the optimal amount and frequency depend on various factors.

What Factors Influence How Much To Water My Lawn?

Grass species, soil composition and seasonal conditions all play a part in how much to water your lawn.

Lawn type

The species of turfgrass you select can influence how much you water your lawn at different times of the year. “Cool-season grasses (like Kentucky bluegrass or tall fescue) tend to need more water during hot, dry summers,” Kaminski says. “Whereas warm-season grasses (like bermudagrass or zoysiagrass) are more drought-tolerant, but still benefit from consistent moisture in peak summer.

Lawn age

A newly seeded lawn requires more frequent, shallower watering than an established lawn.

Season

Slow, deep watering once or twice a week is usually ideal during the summer months. “This approach encourages grass to develop a deeper root system, making it more resilient to heat and drought,” Kaminski says. He recommends allowing the water to penetrate at least 6 to 8 inches into the soil. “In spring and fall, when temperatures are cooler, you can usually cut back on watering unless it’s particularly dry,” he says.

Soil composition

Fast-draining sandy soils may need more water, more regularly than slow-draining clay soils, which hold moisture for longer.

Other environmental conditions

While you would expect to give more water in hot, dry regions, it’s not just temperatures that affect the rate of water required for your lawn.

“The most important [environmental] conditions are radiant energy (sunlight), atmospheric vapor pressure (relative humidity), temperature, wind movement, and available soil moisture,” Grady Miller, professor and extension turf grass specialist, explains. “Minimal water is used under dark, cloudy days with high relative humidity, low temperatures, and little to no wind.”

You need to provide the most water for your lawn during bright sunny spells with low relative humidity, high temperatures and moderate to high winds.

How Much Should I Water a Newly Seeded Lawn​?

When watering new grass seeds, you need to do this frequently and shallowly. This ensures even moisture on the soil surface, allowing the seeds to germinate and establish roots. “[Watering] 2 to 3 times per day for the first couple weeks helps prevent the seedbed from drying out,” Kaminski says. “Once the seedlings emerge and begin developing roots, you can gradually reduce the frequency and increase the depth of watering to encourage deeper root growth.”

Signs You Are Underwatering Your Lawn

While yellow or brown patches on your lawn are well-known signs that it isn’t getting enough water, it’s good to look for earlier signs you are underwatering. That allows you to remedy things before you need to fix a patchy lawn.

Kaminski suggests looking for subtle signs of wilting and discoloration. “Grass blades that turn a dull bluish-green or begin to curl are often moisture-stressed,” he says.

He also recommends the “footprint test.” “If your footprints stay visible on the lawn for more than a few minutes, it’s a sign the grass isn’t springing back and may need water.”

What Are The Signs I Am Overwatering My Lawn?

Signs of an overwatered lawn can be similar to an underwatered one—in that it can also turn yellow and develop bare patches. However, it can also be more soggy-looking and weed or fungi-infested. Plus, a layer of thatch can develop more rapidly, as the excess water prevents the soil and grass from effectively breaking down the plant material buildup.

Kaminski says you might also see water run off onto paths and driveways, as your soggy lawn can’t absorb more moisture effectively.

Tips To Avoid Overwatering a Lawn

Overwatering is one of the most common lawn mistakes. Follow these tips to prevent this from causing shallow root growth, disease development and water wastage.

  • Install a rain sensor or smart irrigation controller: Kaminski explains that these adjust water amounts to account for weather changes.
  • Use a rain gauge: This allows you to measure how much water your lawn is receiving.
  • Check your soil: “If it feels soggy or water is pooling, dial it back,” Kaminski says.
  • Water early in the morning: Your lawn is active at this time and will absorb the water it needs. Any excess can evaporate off during the hotter part of the day.

About the Experts

  • John Kaminski, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Turfgrass Management in the College of Agricultural Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University.
  • Grady L. Miller, PhD, is a Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist in the Crop and Soil Sciences Department at North Carolina State University.

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Are You Washing Your Hands Correctly? Here’s How To Do It Right https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/how-to-wash-your-hands/ Fri, 25 Apr 2025 17:03:01 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=669319 Dirty hands can sabotage your health and your home projects. Here are the best ways to get those mitts clean.

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It’s obvious why we need to wash our hands correctly before we cook food for others, or when we have an infant at home. But, clean hands are also key for success on home projects.

“In DIY projects, dirty hands can carry bacteria, chemicals and oils that damage surfaces, interfere with paint adhesion or leave residues on tools and appliances,” says preventative health expert Dr. Bill Kapp. “More critically, your skin is a barrier. If it’s cracked or covered in chemicals, your risk of irritation or infection increases.”

Here’s how to wash your hands the right way, for germs, grease, paint and other messes you might get yourself into.

Why Washing Your Hands Properly Matters

Our health is tied directly to our hands. As we go through our day, they pick up germs from phones, dogs, desks, doorknobs and everything else we touch. Some of those germs can make us ill or cause rashes and other skin problems.

“Handwashing prevents all that, and doing it correctly is one of the simplest ways you can remain healthy,” says dermatologist Dr. Stephanie Taylor.

But proper handwashing is also important with DIY and home improvement tasks. “I work with skin all day, every day, and I’ve seen what happens if people don’t take care of it, especially with hands-on activities like repairing cars, painting or building projects at home,” says dermatologist Dr. David Johnson.

Some of those pitfalls involve your skin’s protective layer, the stratum corneum, which retains water inside and keeps harmful stuff outside. “When you don’t remove chemicals or dirt from your surface, it dissolves that layer,” says Johnson. “That can lead to contact dermatitis, folliculitis or dry, cracked skin that gets worse with time.”

How To Wash Your Hands Properly

The basic handwashing technique for health is:

  • Turn on running, clean water.
  • Wet your hands.
  • With soap, rub your hands together and generate bubbles, taking care to also get the back of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.
  • Wash for around 20 seconds. That’s about the time it takes to sing “Happy Birthday” twice, says Taylor.
  • Rinse everything off.
  • Dry your hands with a towel that is clean, or have them dry naturally.

If you’ve been working in the shop or yard, it’s also important to use the correct type of soap for whatever got onto your hands.

  • For greasy, oily and otherwise sticky dirt and grime, use a heavy-duty soap with pumice or degreaser. Johnson recommends the brands Gojo and Fast Orange. But, keep in mind that too abrasive of a scrub can also hurt your skin, especially if you’re using it daily.
  • For latex paint, regular soap and water should be sufficient. But for oil-based and spray paints, you’ll need mineral oil/spirits to break them down. After using those, it’s important to wash again with warm water (not hot) and a mild pH-balanced soap, which won’t dry your skin.
  • Especially after using abrasive soaps and cleaners, it’s a good idea to follow up handwashing with a moisturizer. Johnson’s go-to is a thick hand cream, such as Eucerin Advanced Repair.

“Good healing begins with good habits,” says Johnson. “Take care of your hands. They only come in a single pair, and they do far more than you realize.”

When Should You Wash Your Hands?

Doctors, including Taylor, advise washing your hands:

  • After visiting the restroom;
  • Before consuming or preparing food;
  • Directly after blowing your nose, sneezing, or coughing;
  • After touching pets;
  • Upon returning home;
  • After you’ve been outside;
  • Before and after assisting an ill person; and
  • Before and after touching cuts or open wounds.

Handwashing Mistakes to Avoid

Common mistakes with handwashing include washing too quickly or skimping on under-nail washing. “Also, don’t dry your hands with a dirty towel, which only transmits bacteria right back onto your hands,” says Taylor.

When it comes to home improvement and vehicle projects, a common mistake is not rinsing off hard scrubs well, which will leave a chemical residue. So, after using scrubs or mineral oil, rewash with warm, clean water and mild soap, says Kapp. “The goal is to get clean and ensure your hands are safe to work with,” he says.

Also, Johnson recommends to:

  • Not to use soap or a cleaning solution intended for tools, as those can ruin your skin.
  • Avoid hot water, which will remove natural oils from your hands and dry them out.
  • Remember to dry your hands thoroughly, since wet skin is more easily damaged.

FAQ

How long should you wash your hands?

No fewer than 20 seconds, which is what’s needed to remove germs. “Hum a tune to yourself to keep track of time,” says Taylor.

Should you always use antibacterial soap?

Nope. You don’t have to use special soap unless your doctor recommends it. “Regular soap is just fine,” says Taylor. “Using antibacterial soaps can dry out your skin or cause issues if you use them frequently.”

Does hot water kill more germs?

Again, no. Hot water can actually harm to your skin by removing its natural oils. “Lukewarm water is just as effective, and your skin will thank you,” says Taylor.

What if there’s no soap?

Use a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. “It won’t remove grime, but it kills many germs,” says Taylor. “It’s good to have as a last resort if there is no water and soap to use.”

Can over-washing your hands be harmful?

Yes, over-washing your hands can dry out your skin, and in some cases cause irritant contact dermatitis, which is red, itchy skin that can be cracked and painful.

“I see a lot of this with patients,” says Taylor. “If you find yourself washing a lot, use a gentle moisturizer to make your skin soft and resilient.”

About the Experts

  • Dr. Stephanie Taylor, M.D., is a board-certified dermatologist with more than 12 years of practice, and works as a senior consultant at Medpak Solutions.
  • Dr. Bill Kapp, M.D., is a longevity-focused expert and CEO of Fountain Life. His work in preventive health focuses on how everyday habits, including proper hand hygiene, affect skin integrity, immune health and cross-contamination risk.
  • Dr. David Johnson, M.D., is a board-certified dermatologist with a career focused on treatments for healthy skin and scalps. He is also co-founder of RedliteX, an advanced red light therapy for dermatological health.

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A Sledgehammer That’s Flexible? Here’s the Genius Behind It https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/flexible-sledgehammer/ Thu, 24 Apr 2025 20:31:21 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=669377 A flexible sledgehammer sounds like an oxymoron, but it actually exists, and it can make work less tiring, more efficient and more productive.

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A flexible sledgehammer? Wouldn’t that be dangerous? Don’t worry…most of them aren’t THAT flexible, although the bendy ones featured in videos like this one do give the impression of being more like maces than hammers. Those aren’t the types of sledgehammers on store shelves in North America, where the handle is still rigid, but not rigid enough to send vibrations up your arms and make you dread the next blow of the hammer.

So, do you need a flexible sledgehammer? That depends on the job you’re doing, but if it involves a lot of swings, you might. It will help you feel less tired, you’ll suffer fewer aches in your arms and hands, and, as a bonus, you’ll be able to develop more pounding force to help you get the job done faster.

What Is a Flexible Sledgehammer?

The floppy or bendy sledgehammers you see in videos are also known as Chinese sledgehammers, and you’ll find them primarily in use in China and other parts of Asia. The handles are made of flexible rubber that allows users to employ a whip-like technique to develop more pounding force with less effort. I’ve never used one, and I’d be reluctant to do so in tight quarters because I suspect they increase the likelihood of errant swings.

On North American store shelves, a flexible sledgehammer is one with a semi-rigid handle made of fiberglass, vulcanized rubber or a combination. It’s also known as a shock-absorbing sledgehammer because of the ability of these materials to dampen vibrations. If you’ve ever used a sledgehammer with a traditional oak or hickory handle, you’ll appreciate the innovation. No more loosening your grip as the hammer head strikes to avoid vibrational shocks.

What Are Flexible Sledgehammers Used For?

You can use a North American-style flexible sledgehammer (as distinct from a Chinese bendy one) for any job that calls for a sledgehammer, including:

  • Breaking concrete and brick;
  • driving stakes;
  • splitting wood with a wedge;
  • interior demolition work, including breaking up walls and tearing down framing.

Got an old cast iron bathtub that you want to replace? Breaking it up with a sledgehammer is an efficient way to remove it, and a flexible sledgehammer is perfect for this job. It’s also a great tool for quickly removing an old tile floor by breaking the tiles into pieces.

Key Benefits of Using a Flexible Sledgehammer

The handle of a flexible sledgehammer absorbs shocks, which reduces fatigue when you have to swing it repeatedly. This results in the following side benefits:

  • You can work faster and more efficiently;
  • You can develop more power;
  • You can maintain control for a longer period;
  • You’ll get fewer blisters (assuming you don’t wear gloves, which you should);
  • You reduce the likelihood of breaking the handle and having the head turn into a dangerous projectile. Neither fiberglass nor rubber break as easily as wood.

These benefits would also apply to Chinese bendy sledgehammers, especially in terms of generating power and working faster. Having never used one, I can’t comment on how easy it would be to maintain control during repeated swings. Videos typically show workers swinging them horizontally — I’d be reluctant to swing one vertically, even when wearing a helmet.

Safety Tips for Using a Flexible Sledgehammer

Whether you’re using a flexible sledgehammer or a traditional one with a wooden handle, New Jersey’s MEL Safety Institute recommends observing these safety precautions:

  • Avoid using a sledgehammer when another tool will work.
  • Don’t use a hammer heavier than you can control. For most purposes, a six to ten pound hammer will probably get the job done.
  • Check the handle and head for cracks before you use the hammer.
  • Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), including gloves, goggles and a helmet. If anyone else is around, they should also wear PPE.
  • Double-check your surroundings before swinging the hammer. Make sure there are no tripping hazards or anything in the path of your swing.
  • Use the minimum swing you need to do the job.
  • Avoid swinging the hammer above your head.

Sources

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Line Drying Vs. Machine Drying: Which Is Better for Your Clothes and Wallet? https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/line-vs-machine-drying/ Thu, 24 Apr 2025 20:12:42 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=670131 Figuring out whether line drying vs. dryer is right for your needs can make all the difference in how this household chore gets done.

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Laundry is a chore that needs to get done one way or another; otherwise, you’ll have nothing clean to wear. You might have a drying machine to make the process easier, but if not, you may have to resort to the old-fashioned way and line dry. Regardless, they both get the job done, and that’s all you really need. That said, you might be wondering what is better for your clothes: line drying or the dryer.

Ahead, we speak with laundry and cleaning experts about the key differences between line drying and using a dryer. They even gave some tips on how to determine which is best for your clothes and needs.

Line Drying vs. Dryer: How Does It Dry Your Clothes

“Line drying involves hanging your damp clothes on a clothesline, drying rack, or rope—either outside under the sun or inside if the weather’s not great,” says Joy Ramos, operations manager of Bear Brothers Cleaning. “The air works, slowly drawing out the moisture as it circulates through your clothes.”

According to Mary Gagliardi, a cleaning expert and Clorox’s in-house scientist, using a traditional machine dryer involves blowing heated air through the dryer as the laundry tumbles, evacuating moist air until the load is dry.

Line Drying vs. Dryer: Pros and Cons

When deciding whether to use line drying or a dryer, the pros and cons should be considered.

Benefits of Line-Drying Clothes

  • It helps maintain the integrity and quality of your clothes. According to Matthew O’Connor, CEO of NoScrubs.com, line drying can extend a garment’s lifespan by reducing fiber breakdown, so you can have it for longer in better condition. For example, if you have a delicate shirt or dress that needs to be washed and dried, then you’re probably better off line drying it. That said, you’ll want to check the manufacturing instructions printed on a garment’s tag to see what they recommend.
  • It helps save on electricity. Line drying requires no cost aside from purchasing a drying rack or a line and pins. This is ideal for those on a tight budget or those who simply don’t want to spend money on something that can be done for free.
  • Natural benefits of drying in the sun. “Whites are naturally brightened, and bacteria is killed by sunlight,” says Ramos. “Your clothes also can smell fresher after drying outside.”

Drawbacks of Line-Drying Clothes

  • It’s a time suck. Line-drying clothes can be time-consuming in many cases, especially for thicker fabrics and textiles. Instead of taking 45 minutes, a load can take upwards of a few hours to dry.
  • Clothing and other garments can get distorted. “Wet laundry is substantially heavier, and when initially hung to dry, can potentially become distorted under the weight of the water on the fabric as it hangs,” says Gagliardi. “This mostly affects sweaters, delicately constructed clothing, and antique textiles.”

Benefits of Drying Clothes in the Dryer

  • It’s more efficient. “Machine drying is much faster than line drying except in very hot and dry climates,” says Gagliardi.
  • There’s typically more control. “Most drying machines are great at catching lint, pet hair, and dust,” says Ramos. Plus, it works any time, rain or shine so there’s no guessing involved.”

Drawbacks of Drying Clothes in the Dryer

  • Can cause shrinking or damage. As you may already know, repeated heating and tumbling, such as that done inside a drying machine, can shrink, fade, or damage fabrics.
  • Higher utility bills. Outside of the clothing itself, using a dryer can also increase your electric bill, as it uses a lot of energy for a load.
  • It can turn into a safety hazard if not well-maintained. Alicia Sokowlowski, president and co-CEO of AspenClean, also mentions that there’s a safety risk associated with drying machines. “If not cleaned regularly, lint buildup can become a hazard,” she says. There’s even the possibility that maintenance issues may arise that need to be addressed with frequent use.

Line Drying vs. Dryer: Which Is Better for Your Clothes?

This really depends on the type of clothes you’re drying and the frequency. “I prefer line drying (indoors with a dehumidifier during cooler/wetter months) to prevent shrinkage and preserve color of items where that is an issue,” says Gagliardi. “I also prefer the convenience and speed of machine drying towels, bedding, socks, and underwear.”

Ramos recommends line-drying clothes to keep them looking fresh and bright. “It’s much gentler on the fabric, which means less wear and tear, plus it helps prevent shrinking or fading,” he tells Family Handyman.

Line Drying vs. Dryer: Which Costs More?

Using a traditional dryer costs more because you have to pay for not only the cost of the appliance itself but also the electric bills associated with it. This involves the energy required to run and potential maintenance when issues arise.

With line drying, you’ll need to invest in a rack and dehumidifier but those are one time purchases and will last you a long time.

Tips for Line-Drying Clothes

If you’re interested in line-drying your clothes, Ramos has some tips:

  • Leave ample room between items to allow air to circulate.
  • Turn colored or dark clothing inside out to prevent sun fading.
  • Lay delicate items flat to prevent straining.
  • Shake your garments thoroughly before hanging them up to lessen that stiff feeling.
  • Stick with plastic or wooden clothespins instead of metal one’s since those can rust and stain your fabric.

Tips for Drying Clothes in the Dryer

When it comes to using a machine dryer, Sokowlowski has some tips:

  • Clean the lint trap after every load.
  • Use dryer balls to reduce static and drying time.
  • Separate heavy and lightweight fabrics for more even drying.
  • Don’t overload the dryer – having good airflow matters.
  • When in doubt, use the lowest heat setting.

FAQ

Can you line dry clothes in the winter?

Yes, you can line dry clothes in the winter, but this depends on the weather in your area. “Warm, dry southern states will find this easier to do than cold, rainy northern regions,” says Gagliardi.

According to Sokowlowski, cold air can still dry clothes, but it just takes longer. “The water in clothes evaporates even when frozen,” she says. “Just expect it to be slower and avoid heavy rain or snow when drying clothes outside.”

Can you line dry clothes inside?

Yes, you can line dry clothes inside if you have the space. If you decide to do this, then Gagliardi recommends having a dehumidifier on standby to help get rid of the excess moisture and humidity.

What are the best fabrics to line-Dry vs. put in the dryer?

Again, this varies based on the type of fabric, size and manufacturing directions. “Terry cloth towels will dry more quickly in a machine dryer, but they certainly can be line dried to save energy,” says Gagliardi. “Sheets and other tightly woven fabrics can be either line or machine dried and wool items that allow hand washing or machine washing on the delicate cycle usually should be laid flat to dry, but some allow tumble drying on low heat.

About The Experts

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The Right Way to Adjust Your Car Mirrors to Eliminate Blind Spots https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/how-to-adjust-car-mirrors-blind-spots/ Thu, 24 Apr 2025 15:21:42 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=668715 What you learned in driver's ed might not be the full story Here's the proper way to keep yourself safe from blind spots while driving.

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To safely reach the pedals, I need to drive with the seat in its forward-most position. My partner, however, being seven inches taller than me, is most comfortable with the seat as far back as it can go. That means every time one of us gets into the driver’s seat, that person needs to readjust the mirrors to avoid blinds spots.

“Blind spots are one of the most underestimated dangers on the road, and a major factor in lane-change and turning collisions,” says Lucas Waldenbäck, co-founder of Zutobi Drivers Ed.

Even though many new cars offer blind-spot sensors, it’s still vital to manually check your blind spots through mirrors and by looking over your shoulders. Here’s how to adjust your mirrors for blind spots, to keep yourself, your passengers and fellow drivers safe.

What Are Car Blind Spots?

Blind spots are the areas outside of your vehicle that you can’t see in your side or rearview mirrors.

“For many cars, they are usually found just behind, and to the left and right of the vehicle,” says Marin Cristian, CEO of Online Games. “These are the most common spots where another car can easily be invisible to you.”

Where are the blind spots while driving?

Most people are aware of one or two. There are actually eight key blind spots.

  • Directly in front of the hood;
  • At the left and right crossbars (aka A-pillars);
  • Directly over your left and right shoulders;
  • At the rear-left and rear-right pillars, and
  • Directly behind the vehicle, especially low to the ground.

These blind zones exist because of structural obstructions like door pillars, the vehicle’s frame and your limited line of sight. “For instance, when backing up, you won’t see a small child or pole below the rear windshield, even if you’re using your rearview mirror,” says Waldenbäck.

How to Properly Adjust Your Side Mirrors

There are two recommended methods for adjusting your side mirrors.

  • Setting A, the standard commonly taught in driving schools, is to adjust your mirrors so the tip of your door handle appears in the lower inner corner of the side mirror. “This gives a familiar visual reference for most drivers,” says Waldenbäck.
  • Setting B, the way SAE international standards recommend, is to push the mirrors farther outward, until they barely overlap with the rearview mirror’s field of view. “This setting helps minimize blind spots and reduces the need to turn your head as far,” says Waldenbäck. “However, it may feel disorienting at first,” he says.

How to Properly Adjust Your Rearview Mirror

Tilt the mirror so that you can see as much of the rear window as possible without shifting your seating position. That should give you a complete view of the lane directly behind your vehicle and work in conjunction with your side mirrors to create almost continuous field of vision around your car.

How to Test If Your Mirrors Are Correctly Adjusted

Once you get on a multilane road, watch a car pass you. It should transition smoothly from your rearview to your side mirror, then from your side mirror to your peripheral vision.

“If the vehicle disappears from all mirrors before appearing beside you, that’s a clear indicator of a blind spot and that your mirrors may need fine-tuning,” says Waldenbäck.

FAQ

How often should I adjust my mirrors?

You should check and adjust your car’s rearview and side mirrors for blind spots:

  • Whenever you adjust your seat;
  • Before long drives or freeway trips;
  • Every time someone else has driven your car.

“Even a slight change in your sitting position alters your field of vision,” says Waldenbäck.

Do I still need to adjust my mirrors if my car has blind spot sensors?

Absolutely, you should still adjust your mirrors even if it has blind spot sensors. Sensors are a supplement to mirrors, but not a replacement. “They may miss fast-approaching vehicles, motorcycles or fail altogether,” says Waldenbäck. “Good habits like mirror checks and shoulder glances are irreplaceable.”

About the Experts

  • Lucas Waldenbäck is Co-Founder of Zutobi Drivers Ed, a driver’s education app that helps students become safe and confident drivers.
  • Marin Cristian is CEO of Online Games, and has a background in creating simulations for cars and driving mechanics and studying fundamental principles of road safety.

RELATED: 

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Battery Blazes? Inside the Real Story of EV Fire Risks https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/ev-fires/ Thu, 24 Apr 2025 13:57:19 +0000 Electric vehicles (EVs) have been around for more than 20 years. Once a niche vehicle, EV sales have greatly increased over the past decade. Although EV...

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Electric vehicles (EVs) have been around for more than 20 years. Once a niche vehicle, EV sales have greatly increased over the past decade. Although EVs account for less than two percent of all vehicles on U.S. roads, the U.S. saw EV sales of over one million in 2023, up 56 percent since 2022. However, misconceptions and highly publicized EV battery fires make EVs appear more dangerous than gas-powered cars.

First, let’s explain what classifies an EV. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation:

  • Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) or all-electric vehicles runs entirely off of electricity from a high voltage (HV) battery. BEV batteries are charged using external Level 1, 2 or 3 chargers.
  • Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) use an internal combustion engine (ICE) and HV battery to power an electric motor. PHEV batteries are charged using the ICE or external chargers.
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) rely on a combination of an ICE and a HV battery to power the vehicle. HEV batteries are charged via the ICE or regenerative braking.
  • Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) are still new to the market and use an electrochemical process to convert hydrogen into electricity to power an electric motor. Currently, FCEVs only charge their HV battery using on-board compressed hydrogen gas.

Ahead, we’ll look at the data and with the help of veteran firefighters and other experts in the field explain everything to know about EV fires.

What Is an Electrical Vehicle Fire?

According to certified firefighter Jack Bishop, an EV fire is “a fire incident involving an EV, primarily originating from its lithium-ion battery pack.” These fires can result from thermal runaway, a condition where an increase in temperature leads to a self-sustaining chemical reaction or short circuit, causing the battery to overheat and ignite. Associate Clinical Professor of Fire Protection Engineering William Koffel notes that “the EV could be the first item ignited, or the fire could spread to the EV.”

Causes of EV Fires

According to a 2020 NTSB report and third-generation firefighter Lauren Jones, the major cause of EV battery fires happen after the HV Lithium-ion battery malfunctions after a crash. During crashes, HV battery packs can be “punctured, or damage to high-voltage wiring and cables can cause short circuits,” says Jones. “Sparks from a short circuit can ignite the battery’s highly flammable organic solvents, setting individual cells ablaze, which then overheat, igniting other cells,” said Bishop. Jones also stated that if an EV is in a flood, “the [HV Lithium-ion] battery can dry out, causing it to overheat and ignite.”

According to a 2024 study published in Science Direct, even salt spray can cause an EV battery to self-ignite, with the likelihood of ignition increasing with exposure time to the spray and the age of the vehicle.

The other major cause is thermal runaway. According to UL Research Institutes, thermal runaway results in “an extremely high, uncontrollable temperature and violent venting of flammable gasses” that can rapidly ignite. Poor battery design, poor ventilation, vibrations, damage to the battery, overcharging, a malfunctioning battery management system, lack of maintenance or charging a battery before letting it cool down can all trigger thermal runaway.

Steve Lockwood, owner of Mountain State Fire Protection LLC, adds, “Using damaged or incompatible chargers, faulty aftermarket modifications [light packages, high-powered radios] and living in climates with extreme temperatures all increase the risk that could ignite [the high voltage battery] causing thermal runaway.” This phenomenon affects all Lithium-ion batteries, including those in your smart phone, electric toothbrushes, power tools and other devices.

What To Do If Your EV Catches Fire

If you’re driving, pull off the road to a safe location as quickly as possible. Get out of the car and run on the median or shoulder not in the traffic lanes and CALL 911! According to Lockwood, you should inform the 911 dispatcher of your location and the car is an EV. “Never attempt to extinguish the fire yourself. EV fires burn hotter, burn longer and are more complex than a conventional ICE vehicle fire.”

According to Chief Palmer Buck of The Woodlands Township in Austin, TX, “firefighters also need special training on how to safely disconnect and disable an EV HV battery and the proper techniques needed to quickly cool down a burning EV.”

How To Prevent EV Fires

Bishop recommends to “only use manufacturer-supplied or approved charging chargers and cables.” Other steps to prevent EV fires include:

  • Avoid overcharging and leaving the charger plugged in unnecessarily.
  • Schedule regular maintenance, including checking or changing EV HV battery coolant fluid and routine inspections, to ensure the battery’s thermal management and electrical systems are in optimal working condition.
  • Charge the vehicle in a dry, well-ventilated area, away from flammable materials.
  • Flush the battery/undercarriage with cold, clean water after driving in areas where salt is used during winter months, and have your repair shop clean corrosion or oxidation from battery terminals and other electrical connectors.
  • Check if there are any manufacturer recalls related to battery or electrical components.

How to increase EV battery life that will also prevent EV fires

  • Daily monitor the battery’s condition.
  • Power down if the HV battery warning light comes on.
  • Check charging system health using your vehicles built-in interactive visual tools to monitor energy usage details; high voltage power flow; charging status; HV efficiency history.
  • Keep the battery between 20 and 80 percent charged. Charging to 80 percent then disconnecting the charger leaves room for charging from regenerative braking, reducing the likelihood of overheating.

FAQ

Are electric vehicle fires more common than conventional car fires?

No, according to the International Fire and Safety Journal. Using data from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) and government recall information, AutoinsuranceEZ indicated fires by vehicle type are as follows:

  • Hybrids signified the most, with 3,475 fires per 100,000 vehicles. This is most likely because hybrids utilize two powertrains.
  • ICE vehicles caught fire substantially less often, at 1,530 incidents per 100,000 vehicles.
  • EV fires were significantly lower than the others, with 25 fires per 100,000 vehicles.

Koffel added, “At this time, there is no indication that EV fires are more common than conventional car fires.” However, Lockwood notes, they are “usually more powerful when they happen. I would not tell anyone that [EV fires] are common.”

Are electric vehicle fires more dangerous than conventional car fires?

Yes. Thermal runaway causes temperatures of a Lithium-ion battery to reach almost 1900F, while a traditional gasoline power vehicle fire burns at around 1400F. According to Buck, his department “can extinguish a gasoline-fueled car fire with 500 gallons of water they carry on their trucks.”

However, Buck adds that “it can take 3,000 gallons or more to extinguish an EV battery fire.” In addition, due to residual heat, ongoing chemical reactions or EV battery design making it difficult for water or fire suppressants to reach all affected cells, EV HV batteries can reignite hours—or even days—after the initial fire is extinguished. According to Blaze Stack, “EV fire protocols are still evolving,” including the use of thermal imaging cameras that “detect residual heat in battery packs” as well as other firefighting methods and technologies.

What is an EV fire blanket?

“EV fire blankets will delay the development of the fire, will keep the fire from spreading to adjacent vehicles, or will smother the fire,” says Koffel. Made from fiberglass or silica-based fabrics, these blankets can withstand extreme temperatures.

A fire blanket specifically designed for EV fires can weigh up to 100 pounds and can easily take two or more people to properly place the blanket into position. “There is also concern that in some instances the [fire] blanket could trap vapors potentially resulting in a vapor explosion,” adds Koffel. So, leave extinguishing EV fires to professional firefighters.

Experts

  • William Koffel is an associate clinical professor who specializes in fire protection engineering with the A. James Clark School of Engineering at the University of Maryland. He is the former president of Koffel Associates, a fire protection and life safety engineering design and consulting firm, and he is recognized as an expert in the fire protection and life safety aspects of codes and standards. He is also a past president of the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) and a former code official with the Maryland State Fire Marshal’s Office.
  • Lauren Jones is a 3rd generation firefighter with over 13 years of service with Willow Grove Volunteer Fire Co., holding the ranks of sergeant and lieutenant for five years. She still responds to fires for the Enterprise Fire Co. of Hatboro, PA. Lauren is currently serving as a Protective Services Teacher at North Montco Technical Career Center, Lansdale, PA.
  • Jack Bishop is recent to the firefighting profession, but has received several international accreditations and certifications from the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), The World Health Organization (WHO) and FireRescue1 Academy and U.S. Fire Administration (NFA).
  • Steve Lockwood is owner of Mountain State Fire Protection LLC, which specializes in premier fire equipment and comprehensive fire protection services.
  • Palmer Buck is the Chief of The Woodlands Township Fire Department in Austin, TX. Chief Buck Chief Palmer Buck holds a Bachelor of Arts in Applied Science Fire Protection Technology, a Master of Public Affairs and is a graduate of the National Fire Academy’s Executive Fire Officer program. Chief Buck has 37 years of experience in public safety. He is a proven leader with extensive operations and command experience, and a sought-after mentor and advisor to firefighters of all ranks. He is a member of the International Association of Fire Chiefs, the National Fire Protection Agency, the National Society of Executive Fire Officers and the International Association of Firefighters. Original interview notes from “Are Electric Vehicles More Likely To Catch on Fire?” Apr 23, 2023.

Resources

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Should You Buy a Car Now? How Tariffs Could Impact Your Decision https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/is-it-a-good-time-to-buy-a-car/ Wed, 23 Apr 2025 21:30:51 +0000 The question of whether you should buy a car right now is a popular one as concern grows over rising costs due to the recent implementation of tariffs.

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Whether you need a new car or are looking for an upgraded model, you might be asking, “Should I buy a car right now?” Frankly, you’re not alone. This question has been at the forefront of many people’s minds in light of the ongoing 25 percent auto tariffs implemented by President Donald Trump and the 10 percent tariff on all countries that went into effect in early April.

Ahead, we spoke with two car experts about the impact of tariffs on car prices and whether or not now is a good time to buy a car.

How 2025 Tariffs Are Impacting Car Prices

If the car you want has not already been impacted by higher prices from tariffs, it probably will soon. A new analysis by the Center for Automotive Research has found that President Trump’s 25 percent auto tariffs will increase costs for automakers in the U.S. by about $108 billion.

“New cars with parts from outside the U.S. and new cars assembled outside of the U.S. will now be more expensive,” says Chris Pyle, former transition technician and auto expert with JustAnswer. “This price increase will likely spread across many cars, so each goes up a couple thousand instead of one model making a price jump beyond what any consumer would pay for.”

According to Kevin Roberts, director of economic and market intelligence at CarGurus, the brand estimates that the average list price for a new vehicle could rise from approximately $49,500 as of month-end March to over $53,000 in the coming months as the cost burden from tariffs is passed down to consumers.

“It is important to note that price increases will stem not only from the direct impact of tariffs on imported vehicles, but also from reciprocal tariffs imposed by other countries and existing steel and aluminum tariffs,” Roberts says. “These additional cost pressures will affect both imported and domestically assembled vehicles.”

Will used cars be more expensive because of the tariffs?

The tariffs won’t directly impact the price of used cars; however, it’s likely that more people will look towards them as a more affordable option. As a result, Pyle says you can expect the pool of used cars to decrease and the price to rise due to supply and demand.

Additionally, the prices of car repairs and parts will likely go up so maintaining your used car will also cost you more than it had in the past.

Is It a Good Time to Buy a Car in 2025?

Yes, now is a good time to look into getting the car because waiting will likely just result in the price going up even more. “A $50,000 car today may be $60,000 a month from now,” Pyle tells Family Handyman.

In a similar vein, for those with leases ending soon, Roberts says it may be worth considering a buyout or extending the current agreement, as replacement vehicles are likely to be more expensive. “Shoppers should be aware of available incentives being offered by automakers, as some are rolling out limited-time offers to help consumers offset rising costs,” he adds.

Should You Wait to Buy? Pros & Cons of Delaying Your Purchase

If you’re wondering if you should buy a car now, consider the pros and cons before making the decision.

Benefits of buying a car right now

According to Roberts, buying a car now could lock in lower prices than what might be available in the market in the coming months as tariffs start to take hold on newly imported inventory and car parts.

Also, right now, a number of automakers have unveiled limited-time employee pricing deals in the face of tariffs. “You might be able to find a deal that wouldn’t have been possible several months back,” Roberts says. “Plus, the future of auto incentives could be in question if profits are strained because of tariffs.”

From a more logistical standpoint, if your car has safety issues or something mechanically wrong that makes it unsafe to drive, then you should buy a car now. Regardless of the potential price increase, it’s most important that you’re in a safe vehicle that’s up to date and functioning properly.

Cons of buying a car right now

A con of buying a car right now is that they are going to be more expensive, as prices have already started going up. This can be a dealbreaker for some folks who don’t have extra money to spend on a vehicle that was significantly cheaper only a few months ago.

Aside from price, you may find that there’s limited availability due to supply chain issues and the sheer number of people buying a car to lock in a price before it gets any higher.

At the end of the day, whether or not you should buy a car now is up to you based on your circumstances and finances. It’s best to do your research and see what options are available that meet your needs.

About the Experts

  • Chris Pyle, former transition technician and auto expert with JustAnswer.
  • Kevin Roberts, director of economic and market intelligence at CarGurus.

Sources

  • CAR: CAR Releases Tariff Impact Analysis (2025)

RELATED: 

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The Dos and Don’ts of Siphoning Fluids https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/how-to-siphon-fluids/ Wed, 23 Apr 2025 21:18:06 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=668856 Transferring fluids by siphoning seems straightforward, but you can definitely do it wrong. Here are expert tips for doing it the right way.

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I used to own a lightweight hot tub that you could just roll into position and fill with a garden hose, but to use it, I needed to know how to siphon fluids — specifically water. That’s because the tub didn’t have a drain. It was super easy to set up, and once I plugged it into a standard outlet, it provided many days of relaxing soaks. Changing the water presented a conundrum because of the lack of a drain, but fortunately, the tub was on a deck, so I could use gravity to siphon the water onto the lawn, which very much needed it during the dry season.

According to pool pro Jeremy Yamaguchi, the problem of draining is a pretty common one for hot tub owners, and siphoning is a common solution. All in all, siphoning is a useful technique with a number of uses around the house, in the shop or on a boat. It’s good to know how to siphon fluids, and it’s knowledge that’s bound to come in handy at some point, so we asked Yamaguchi, automotive repair expert Alan Gelfand and plumber Luke Wooffindin for tips on doing it properly and safely.

Why Siphon Fluids?

Siphoning will come in handy for any container containing 10 or more gallons of water, like a storage tank or an aquarium, or is too heavy to lift (one gallon of water weighs over eight pounds). Siphoning offers a way to get the water out without having to do any lifting. It’s also the best way to empty the gas tank in your car or riding mower, to get water out of your boat or to empty your backed-up bathtub or toilet. Winemakers transfer products from fermentation barrels to smaller containers by siphoning, and property owners can use siphoning techniques to move standing water to a place from which it can drain.

Tools & Materials Needed

  • Approved siphon hose or garden hose
  • Approved container
  • Siphon pump

Precautions

“You should never begin to siphon hazardous fluids such as gasoline, diesel, chemicals, or any other toxic substances by mouth,” cautions Gelfand. “This can lead to accidental consumption, which can cause severe health issues or even death.” Wooffindin extends this caution to hot tub water, bilge water from a boat or any other potentially contaminated water. “Mouth siphoning is old school, but it is highly risky,” he says.

Gelfand also offers these other precautions:

  • Don’t siphon hot fluids.
  • Provide adequate ventilation when siphoning flammable fluids like gasoline.
  • Don’t use tubing that can be degraded by the fluid you’re siphoning.
  • Don’t use damaged tubing.
  • Never siphon petroleum products or hazardous chemicals directly onto the ground.
  • Prevent cross-contamination by using containers and siphoning equipment recommended for the fluid.
  • Know what it is you’re siphoning. “Unknown containers or fluids that one cannot identify may contain hazardous materials,” he says.

How to Siphon Fluids

When you siphon, you insert one end of a hose into a fluid receptacle, bring the other end to a lower elevation, suck air from the hose to create a vacuum that the fluid rises to fill, and gravity does the rest. As the fluid begins to flow, it creates its own suction force that pulls out all the fluid. Here’s how to siphon fluids in various situations:

Gas or hazardous chemicals from a tank

  1. Set a container approved for the fluid on the floor under the tank outlet. The container should be large enough to hold the amount of fluid you’re siphoning.
  2. Insert the end of a battery-powered or manual siphon pump approved for use with hazardous chemicals into the tank as far as it will go. This is no place for a garden hose, cautions Wooffindin. It will get contaminated and probably degrade.
  3. Insert the outlet hose into the container and push it to the bottom.
  4. Start pumping. When the fluid begins to flow, you can stop pumping and let gravity do the work.
  5. Remove the pump when the tank is empty. Hold it aloft to allow all the fluid to drain from the hose.

Pro tip: You can also use this method to siphon contaminated water from an aquarium or similar vessel.

Water from a pool, hot tub or similarly large receptacle

This is the method pool pro Yamaguchi uses to empty pools and hot tubs:

  • Connect a garden hose to an outdoor faucet.
  • Insert the end of the hose into the water and push it to the bottom of the container. Have a helper hold it there.
  • Turn on the faucet to fill the hose with water, then turn it off.
  • Kink the hose while you disconnect it from the faucet. Maintain the kink while you bring that end to a drainage area. “Two of the most important parts are making sure the end of the hose stays at the bottom of the hot tub and making sure the kink stays firm until you intentionally release it,” says Yamaguchi. That’s why he recommends enlisting a helper.
  • Release the kink. As water flows, it will continue creating suction until the tub or pool is empty — as long as you keep holding the end of the hose on the bottom.

Standing water from a depression in your yard

If you can find a drainage area at a lower elevation, you can use a garden hose to siphon standing water from your yard, but in most cases, you’ll need a pump. You can use a drill pump, which creates suction by the rotary action of a drill pump, but like the hose pump, an ingenious tool that needs only water to create suction. To use one, you’ll need two garden hoses — one connected to a faucet and one that will reach from the water to a drainage area.

  • Place one end of the hose you use for drainage the lowest part of the pool of water you want to drain.
  • Bring the other end of the hose to a drainage area and connect it to the pump. A second hose connects the pump to a water faucet.
  • Turn on the faucet. The water flowing through the pump creates enough vacuum in the drainage hose to suck the water out of your yard.

Fun fact: This pump depends on a phenomenon known as the Venturi effect. Gas pumps use it to determine when the tank is full, and it’s tine to shut off.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

The most common mistake to avoid is sucking fluids with your mouth. Full disclosure: I’ve done that to siphon gas, and the results were highly unpleasant.

Another common boo-boo is failing to keep the end of the pump or hose on the bottom of a tub or tank while siphoning. When the hose rises above the water level and air gets in, siphoning stops, and there often isn’t enough water left to restart.

Another common mistake is failing to check the siphon hose for leaks before starting. Leaks break the vacuum and make siphoning futile.

FAQ

How to stop a siphon once started?

Pull the siphon hose or pump out of the vessel containing the fluid you’re siphoning. Alternatively, raise the end of the drainage hose until it’s high enough for the fluid to stop flowing. If you’re draining water with a garden hose, you can also kink the hose.

Which fluids are best to siphon, and which to avoid?

Water is the best candidate for siphoning, and petroleum products like gasoline, paint thinner and similar chemicals are also good candidates, as long as you use the proper equipment and observe precautions. Avoid siphoning chemicals that are strongly acidic or alkaline. You could be injured by splashes, and they will quickly degrade the hoses.

What’s the fastest way to siphon a large tank?

Yamaguchi’s method for draining a pool or hot tub, described above, will work for any large container and is the fastest way to siphon.

About the Experts

  • Luke Wooffindin is a licensed plumber and gas-fitter at Safeguard Plumbing in Sydney, Australia.
  • Alan “Ollie” Gelfand is a European car expert specializing in German automotive repairs. He operates German Car Depot in Hollywood, FL.
  • Jeremy Yamaguchi is the CEO of Cabana, a full-service pool maintenance and repair company based in San Diego, CA.

RELATED: 

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You Won’t Believe What Americans Keep Flushing Down the Toilet https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/commonly-flushed-items/ Wed, 23 Apr 2025 21:16:20 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=669244 Knowing what items should not be flushed down the toilet can save homeowners from costly emergency plumbing repairs.

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We might think that what happens in the privacy of the bathroom stays there. But this is not the case when items that shouldn’t be flushed down toilets are flushed, leading to emergency plumbing situations and costly repairs. I’ve personally experienced that incredulous dread of watching dirty water overflow from a backed-up toilet. For many, this situation turns into an emergency call to the plumber.

Experts emphasize that only the three Ps should be flushed down toilets: pee, poop, and (toilet) paper. But everyone has their own thoughts about what “can” get disposed of by flushing. Unfortunately, they might not find out that their beliefs are wrong until it’s too late. A Guardian Service survey updated in 2025 reports that “clogged toilets” is the most common plumbing issue searched over the last two years.

Being clear about what can and cannot get flushed down the toilet is key to preventing plumbing emergencies. Ahead, the truth about what items Americans are frequently flushing down toilets, how much toilet-related emergency plumbing repairs cost, and how to dispose of items that should never, ever go down the toilet.

What Items Are Most Frequently Flushed Down Toilets

The items that Americans tend to flush down toilets are pretty similar across the board. Here are the most common items people are flushing.

Wipes (43%)

Wipes of all kinds are one of the most common items flushed down toilets, but it’s never a good idea. People often flush baby wipes and disinfectant wipes, but even those who know not to put these items in the toilet think it’s okay to flush so-called “flushable wipes.” After all, it says they’re flushable in the name. According to the Guardian Service survey, 24 percent of Americans didn’t know whether flushable wipes were safe to flush, with another 14 percent thinking they were flushable.

To be clear: It’s definitely not a good idea to flush even “flushable” wipes. Yet they account for 43 percent of what Americans flush down the toilet that they shouldn’t. They do not actually meet the criteria for flushability, so they can clog pipes, especially where pipes form an angle. This causes backups and expensive, inconvenient plumbing emergencies. Always put used wipes of any kind in trash cans rather than flushing them.

Feminine hygiene products (16%)

Tempting as it is to flush feminine hygiene products down the toilet, it’s never advisable, yet they make up 16 percent of the most commonly flushed items. Tampons and pads are specifically designed to absorb liquid and when they do, they swell. Obviously, this can cause big problems in pipes and lead to backups. Instead, make sure to have a trash can with a lid in all your bathrooms so anyone who needs to can dispose of their feminine hygiene products properly.

Medications (8%)

Many people worry about the environmental impact of flushing medication down the toilet. However, as FDA environmental assessment expert Raanan Bloom, Ph.D. says in “Where and How to Dispose of Unused Medicines,” “the main way drug residues enter water systems is by people taking medicines and then naturally passing them through their bodies.” Because of the substantial risk they pose to humans and animals, some medications should be flushed down the toilet. Still, this only applies to medications on the FDA flush list. Otherwise, find a drug take-back location or mix unused medications with dirt, kitty litter, or coffee grounds before sealing in a plastic resealable bag and tossing.

Cotton Products (7%)

Cotton products, such as cotton swabs/balls (7%), makeup pads, and cotton balls, are also often flushed down the toilet. Although they seem like they’d break down easily, they don’t and can cause plumbing issues. Again, make sure to toss these in the trash instead of flushing them down the toilet.

Other items that are commonly flushed (that shouldn’t be)

  • Facial tissues (34%)
  • Paper towels (24%)
  • Leftover food (10%)
  • Condoms (4%)
  • Small toys (4%)
  • Pet fish (4%)

Plumbing Repair Costs

Plumbing repairs aren’t cheap, and the sticker shock can be overwhelming. According to the survey conducted by Guardian Service, 57 percent of homeowners are “shocked by the cost of a plumbing repair at some point.” The kicker and the good news, depending on your perspective, is that many of these plumbing costs are related to items that shouldn’t be flushed — meaning the problem is preventable.

A whopping two in five homeowners have had to pay for emergency plumbing repairs due to improper flushing. The average cost of these repairs is $671 out of pocket. However, one in twelve homeowners have had to pay over $2000 for emergency sewer repairs. While many homeowners are able to pay for plumbing repairs with their savings, others pay with a credit card or a personal loan. An important takeaway is that these unexpected, expensive plumbing repairs caused many homeowners to regret not having homeowners or plumbing insurance.

The cost of plumbing repairs isn’t only financial. Dealing with plumbing issues and their aftermath also costs homeowners time. In addition to the inconvenience and frustration caused by problematic toilets, there’s the time involved in finding a plumber, making sure you’re home when they’re able to come, and then being around while the problem is getting fixed. Most repairs take a few hours, but sometimes they can take an entire day or more.

FAQ

How much are major plumbing repairs on average?

According to the Guardian Service survey, Americans spend $671 on average for emergency sewer repairs. Angi puts the average cost for toilet repairs between $200 and $1200. One thing is for sure: Plumbing repairs are going to cost you, but emergencies caused by items that shouldn’t be flushed down the toilet don’t have to happen in the first place. Just stick to flushing only the three Ps.

Why are flushable wipes called flushable if they’re not actually flushable?

Flushable wipes are allowed to be called flushable because there is no legally binding definition of what’s considered flushable. Hence, even wipes that don’t disintegrate well enough that they won’t cause problems are designated “flushable” for marketing purposes. Due to the lack of regulation and confusion surrounding which wipes will actually disintegrate, it’s best not to flush any wipes at all down the toilet.

Sources

RELATED: 

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What Happened to the Lines On Solo Cups? https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/solo-cup-lines/ Wed, 23 Apr 2025 17:56:05 +0000 The true purpose of the horizontal lines on the sides of the original Solo cups have been an enduring mystery, but no more. Here's the solution.

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It’s unlikely you’ve never seen the classic Solo cup. The iconic plastic party cups have long been a common fixture at social gatherings and backyard barbecues. These cups were red on the outside and white on the inside, they held 18 ounces of liquid, and they featured three horizontal lines at on the outside — one near the bottom, one roughly in the middle and one near the top. I’m using the past tense because you may have noticed Solo cups no longer sport those iconic lines.

Read on to find out what happened to the lines on Solo cups and what they actually meant.

What Happened to the Lines on Solo Cups?

According to the Solo website, Solo cups no longer have lines, as they were phased out. The company has also updated the colors and cup sizes; the 18-ounce ones come in red, blue, teal, green and clear, and smaller cups that hold only nine ounces also are now available.

What Do the Lines on a Solo Cup Mean?

Plenty of people still have the traditional Solo cups with lines stashed in their cupboards (and there are any number of knockoffs on the market). So, what is the meaning of the lines? Here’s the explanation: According to Solo’s website: “Our original 18 oz SOLO Cup featured lines that roughly equaled 1, 5 and 12 ounces.” That’s it…mystery solved.

Of course, that begs the next question: “What are the lines intended to measure?” They are party cups, so it’s widely believed (and reasonable to assume) that they were intended to measure alcohol. The bottom line is about equal to a shot glass, the second line corresponds to an average wine glass and the top line is the same volume as a bottle or can of beer.

However, Solo had a broader purpose for putting the lines on the cups, and they weren’t actually explicitly to measure out drinks. “These lines mean something different for everyone!” the Solo FAQ page says. “For some, it means a responsible pour at their next tailgate. For others, it means a more secure grip as they man the grill at the BBQ. And for our littler fans, it means they can stack and unstack our cups into a pyramid without them sticking together.”

Surprising Ways to Use a Solo Cup

The fact that the lines on a Solo cup correspond to actual measurements makes them useful in the kitchen and even in the bathroom. If you are able to get your hands on any Solo cups with the lines o them, here are some ways that people use them (along with hacks I use myself).

  • Measuring mouthwash: The one-ounce line on the bottom perfectly demarcates the amount of mouthwash needed to freshen breath and kill bacteria.
  • Flavoring milk: When you want to turn your boring white milk into something more interesting using chocolate or strawberry flavoring, but you don’t want to overdo it, simply pour in the flavoring to the level of the bottom line, fill the cup with milk, stir and enjoy.
  • Making lemonade: Squeeze fresh lemons until the juice hits the bottom line, fill the cup with water to the top line, add sugar, honey or maple syrup to taste, and stir. When I do this, it makes a drink tart enough to enjoy without making my cheeks pucker.
  • Cooking rice: When boiling rice on the stove, you need just enough water to soften the grain without making it mushy. I’ve found the lines on a Solo cup to be perfectly calibrated for this. Fill the cup with white, brown or wild rice to the middle line and pour it into a sauce pan. Fill the cup to the top line with water if you’re cooking white or brown rice, and fill it all the way to the brim for wild rice. Add the water to the rice to make a perfect single serving. Repeat the measurements as needed for additional servings.

FAQ

Are Solo cups dishwasher safe?

Solo cups are washable; and, yes, you can even put them in the dishwasher. If you have any of the traditional ones with lines, and you like the idea of using them for measuring, don’t throw them away. Remember, the new ones don’t have lines.

Sources

RELATED: 

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Lawn Care Playbook: How To Supercharge Your Yard This Season https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/lawn-care-beginner-guide/ Tue, 22 Apr 2025 21:21:41 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=669083 New to lawn care? Learn beginner-friendly tips to maintain a healthy lawn throughout the year.

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Taking care of a lawn and yard for the first time can be exciting, especially for new homeowners. However, the lack of necessary tools and know-how can be a challenge. This was me when I bought my first home. I had always rented and knew nothing, and I didn’t have any lawn tools. At first, I felt a bit overwhelmed, but with each season, I gained more confidence, knowledge and tools.

If you’re new to lawn care, don’t panic. It’s completely normal to start without all the answers. Read on for our beginner’s lawn care guide, featuring expert advice from three professionals: Joe Churchill from Reinders, Matt Cameron from CMS Landscaping and Tylor Harrington from Berkshire Turfgrass Specialists.

Tools and Materials

When starting out with lawn care, you’ll need a few basic tools.

  • Lawnmower: Push mowers are great for small lawns, while a ride-on tractor is better for large ones.
  • String trimmer: Use a string trimmer for the edges of the lawn. Electric, battery, and gas-powered options are available.
  • Rake: Garden rakes are great for cleaning up leaves and debris from the lawn. For a splurge, pick up a leaf blower.
  • Lawn spreader: Used to spread fertilizers, herbicides and grass seed, lawn spreaders are frequently used throughout the lawn care season.
  • Hose: An indispensable tool with a myriad of uses, a high-quality hose is worth the extra cost.
  • Sprinkler: Invest in a sprinkler or two (or more, depending on the size of your lawn). There are lots of types to choose from.”I can’t say one sprinkler type is better than others,” Churchill says, “but make sure to match the sprinkler to your lawn’s size and shape.”
  • Aerator: You’ll want to aerate at least once a season. Consider renting one from your local hardware store.
  • Protective gear: Don’t forget personal protective items like gloves, hearing protection and protective eyewear.

Prepping for Spring and Summer

In the spring, clean up debris or leaves left from the winter months, then fertilize and add pre-emergent herbicides. Thin or bare spots can be overseeded in the spring, but “if you’re seeding in the spring, seed will always emerge slower,” Churchill says, noting it may need a bit more attention as a result. Water regularly during the summer, continue weed management efforts and aerate the soil.

Seeding

Spread seed in the spring or fall, not during the summer. Always choose grass seed appropriate for your climate. Rake to loosen the soil, and spread the seed evenly with a lawn spreader. Gently rake the seeds into the soil, then water regularly to keep the seed moist but not soggy for a few weeks.

Mowing

Keep mower blades sharp by sharpening once or twice a season. Set the cutting height of your mower to between 3 to 4-in. for cool season grasses or 2 to 3-in. for warm-season grasses.

Alternatively, you can follow Cameron’s “1/3” rule, which means to only cut 1/3 of the blade off when you mow. He also recommends mulching clippings instead of bagging them to return nutrients to the soil.

Watering

Aim to water approximately twice a week, preferably in the morning. “Try to stay away from watering during the midday when ambient temps are hot, and it may be windy,” Churchill says. Aim to give your lawn 1 to 1 1/2-inches of water per week, but know that this amount can be adjusted. “There are many factors that determine if and when your lawn needs water,” Churchill says, including daytime temperatures, lawngrass types and recent rainfall amounts.

Fertilizer

Pick the right fertilizer for your lawn type, then spread it evenly with a lawn spreader. In cooler climates, fertilize in the spring and fall. In warmer climates, add fertilizer in the late spring or summer. Always read the directions and follow them carefully. Overfertilizing can kill your lawn or lead to yellow spots. Time it so you spread fertilizer right before a rain, or water thoroughly immediately after.

Crabgrass and Weeds

Regular weed management promotes a healthier lawn and helps keep weeds under control. “A strong stand of turf will compete with weeds,” says Harrington, preventing weed germination. Crabgrass, which appears in late spring or early summer, can be prevented with a pre-emergent herbicide in mid-spring. Broadleaf weeds like dandelions, clover, and chickweed should be treated with herbicide in spring. Grassy weeds are best managed by manual removal and targeted herbicides.

Brown Patches

Brown grass indicates dead grass, but identifying the cause is key to fixing it.

  • Pet urine: Dilute urine spots with hose water to prevent brown patches.
  • Improper watering: In dry weather, water deeply weekly.
  • Fungal issues: Treat brown patches caused by fungus, which can occur from overwatering with a fungicide.
  • Pests: Grubs in the soil can stress your lawn and lead to brown patches, but can be treated with grub killer.
  • Lawn clippings: “Excess clippings and debris can create problems like thatch buildup or dead spotting,” Cameron says, so only mow dry grass and bag long clippings.

Once brown patches are remedied, rake dead grass and reseed in the fall.

Fall and winter maintenance

In the fall, rake and remove fallen leaves from your lawn before winter. Rent an aerator and aerate the entire lawn, which Cameron touts as one of the most important lawn care practices. Don’t forget to overseed and water in the fall as well, to help your lawn emerge healthy and strong in the spring.

About the Experts

  • Joe Churchill is a Senior Turf Specialist for Reinders, a major distributor of lawn care products throughout the Midwest. Churchill is certified in Turf Management and has over 25 years of experience in the turfgrass industry.
  • Tylor Harrington is the owner and operator of Berkshire Turfgrass Specialists. He has a degree in Turfgrass Management from University of Massachusetts Stockbridge School of Agriculture. He worked grounds keeping in professional sports (mostly baseball) before moving back home to Dalton, Massachusetts to open his business.
  • Matt Cameron is the owner of CMS Landscaping, a full-service lawn care and irrigation company in Holyoke, Massachusetts. Matt has 15 years of landscaping experience.

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12 Weeds That Are Actually Attractive https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/types-of-weeds/ https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/types-of-weeds/#respond Fri, 18 Apr 2025 17:23:19 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?post_type=listicle&p=668711 Discover 12 attractive weeds that can add beauty to your garden while benefiting pollinators.

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Verbascum thapsus plant background, great mullein, greater mullein or common mullein

Mullein

“Notable for its fuzzy leaves and large flower stalks, mullein plants grow up to 7 feet tall,” DeJohn says. “The small yellow flowers on this dramatic plant are a good nectar source for pollinators.”

Found throughout the United States, mullein often grows along roadsides, parking lots and fences or any other neglected, well-drained soils. While great for pollinators, it is considered invasive as it is a prolific seed producer, so you’ll want to manage the area closely to contain spreading.

Chicory Wildflower

Chicory

Native to Europe, this woody, perennial plant has long been established in the U.S. and is considered invasive in some states. However, it is an attractive weed, producing “beautiful blue flowers on stalks reaching up to 4 feet tall,” DeJohn says. It attracts and supports pollinators throughout its long blooming season from mid-summer through fall.

In addition to its pretty flowers and pollinator benefits, “chicory is known for its medicinal uses and use as a coffee substitute,” Singh says. Chicory will self-seed, but is not overly aggressive, so limited control efforts should keep it contained.

Creeping Buttercup Flowers

Creeping Buttercups

Often found in lawns, fields and forest edges, Creeping Buttercups are a low-growing leafy weed that produces bright yellow flowers. “Creeping buttercup makes an attractive ground cover, especially in areas with moist soils,” DeJohn says. However, this variety is native to Europe and can be aggressive, spreading more than 40 sq. ft. in a single year. Singh suggests planting less invasive, native varieties like Early Buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis) with its “beautiful, yellow flowers.”

Achillea millefolium common yarrow white flowers with green

Yarrow

“Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is native to North America and has great benefits for pollinators,” Singh says. Growing 1 to 3 feet tall, this attractive weed has feathery foliage and clusters of small, flat-topped flowers. However, “some yarrows are aggressive growers and will take over a garden,” DeJohn says. “If you want to plant yarrow, look for cultivated varieties that are more ‘well-behaved.'” Once planted, yarrow can achieve its full height within a single growing season.

A burdock plant in the summer sunshine

Burdock

Producing interesting clusters of spiky, purple flowers that look like thistles, burdock grows in two stages. The first year it establishes roots and produces limited vegetation and flowers. The second year it sends up a tall flowering stalk that can reach 8 feet in height. It’s a prolific re-seeder and is “considered invasive in North America, especially in the Pacific Northwest and Midwest,” Singh says. Remove it entirely from your yard or cut it back before it seeds to prevent it from taking over.

A flowering Scarlet Pimpernel, Anagallis arvensis, plant growing in a meadow.

Scarlet Pimpernel

A low, spreading ground cover, Scarlet Pimpernel is often found growing in fields, meadows or roadsides. This attractive weed has thin, leggy stems, bright green foliage and vibrant red and orange flowers. It grows quickly, able to generate a thick mat that can outcompete native plants. “Many weeds we see in our yards, along the roadside, and in naturalized areas are not native to North America,” Singh says. “Over time, species imported from Eurasia for their ornamental value broke the bounds of where they were planted and spread uncontrollably.” This is the case with Scarlet Pimpernel, as it is very adaptable, fast-growing and a prolific re-seeding plant that will need close attention in the garden.

Golden Rod Flower (Solidago canadensis)

Goldenrod

“With numerous species native to North America, goldenrod produces show-stopping plumes of yellow flowers that attract pollinators,” DeJohn says. Often found along roadsides and in fields, goldenrod grows quickly, reaching heights of 6 to 7 feet within a season or two. Often mistaken for ragweed, as the two bloom at the same time, goldenrod is “a keystone species with huge benefits for a wide range of pollinators,” Singh says. Native to North America, goldenrod is not considered invasive and will not overpower other plants in your yard.

Milkweed Seeds Blowing in the Wind

Milkweed

Milkweed is a tall, attractive plant that produces clusters of small, brightly colored flowers. While not typically a cultivated plant, native milkweed “is an essential host plant for monarch butterfly caterpillars,” Singh says. “It’s the only species Monarchs will lay their eggs on, so it’s critical to plant milkweed to save this species from extinction.” When planted in full sun and well-draining soil, milkweed can grow to 6 feet or more, producing flowers within a few seasons of being planted. “Some of the best choices for supporting monarchs are common milkweed, swamp milkweed, butterflyweed, and showy milkweed,” DeJohn says. Avoid tropical milkweed, which is considered invasive and problematic for Monarchs.

Queen Anne's Lace

Queen Anne’s Lace or Wild Carrot

A fast-growing plant found in disturbed soil along roadsides, fences and forest edges, this attractive weed produces clusters of delicate white flowers with feathery leaves. Able to grow and flower in a single season, Queen Anne’s Lace is native to Europe and can be difficult to contain once established. “It’s considered invasive in many regions because it can outcompete native species,” Singh says. “There is a native version, American Wild Carrot (Daucus pusillus), which appears in the southern U.S. and has smaller flowers than the European species,” Singh says.

White clover (Trifolium repens L.)

White Clover

This low-growing ground cover, native to Europe and Central Asia, produces white thistle-like flowers with small, triplet leaflet leaves. White clover has a long blooming season, from late spring to fall, and is a prolific pollinator attractor. It’s often used a lawn alternative as well. “[It] can be used in grass mixes because, as a legume, it fixes nitrogen and therefore needs little to no nitrogen fertilizer,” DeJohn says. Singh suggests trying native species as ground cover instead. “A few examples include bigleaf aster, common blue violet and side oats grama grass,” Singh says. Clover will spread but is not aggressive, so it will not need strict attention in lawns and gardens.

Rose hips on a wild rose bush

Wild Roses

Unlike cultivated roses, wild roses grow unassisted in forests and fields and along roadsides in disturbed soil. “There are several species of roses native to North America, but they might not be what come to mind when we think of a bouquet of roses or a rose bush,” Singh says. Wild roses have smaller flowers than cultivated species, and blooms can be solitary or in small clusters. While an attractive weed, “they are very invasive and should be removed, if possible,” DeJohn says. Many spread through underground suckers, quickly overtaking other vegetation.

Erigeron karvinskianus Profusion, also known as Common Fleabane, Daisy Fleabane in flower.

Fleabane

A wildflower found in fields, meadows and roadsides across central and eastern North America, Fleabane can also migrate into gardens and lawns. Producing small, daisy-like flowers that bloom from late spring to fall, fleabane has also been long used to deter pests, like fleas. “The leaves release compounds that are believed to help keep unwanted insects at bay,” Singh says. With a central yellow disc and petals of white, pink or lavender, this attractive weed can crowd out other plants but is easy to manage with manual pulling.

About the Experts

  • Suzanne DeJohn is a horticulturist at KidsGardening, a national non-profit organization. Since 1982, KidsGardening supports educators, families and caregivers with grant funding, original educational resources, inspiration, and community to get more kids learning through the garden.
  • Trisha Singh is the Vice President of Product at Garden for Wildlife, a program run by the National Wildlife Federation, which encourages wildlife-friendly gardening spaces. Trisha is a wildlife biologist who enjoys native plant gardening and helping to support others in their native gardening pursuits.

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Boil Water Advisory Says Add Bleach — Is It Really Safe? Experts Weigh In https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/boil-water-advisory-bleach-in-drinking-water/ Thu, 17 Apr 2025 19:30:51 +0000 Are you wondering if you can use bleach to disinfect drinking water? Our expert-approved guidelines explain how and when to do this safely.

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My most memorable experience with a boil water advisory was when a landslide damaged the main water line to my mountain village, and we were without clean drinking water for more than four days. However, unlike the advice in some regions, chlorine-based disinfection methods were not mentioned. If, like me, you are wondering how you can use bleach to disinfect drinking water when boiling is not an option, read on so you are well-informed during an emergency.

I spoke to two water safety experts to understand when and why adding bleach to drinking water is appropriate and what the necessary precautions are.

What Is a Boil Water Advisory and Why Are They Issued?

Local public health or water authorities issue boil water advisories when drinking water is at risk of being contaminated with harmful pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses or illness-causing protozoan parasites, like Giardia.

Elena N. Naumova, PhD, is the Chair of the Division of Nutrition Data Science and a Professor at the Friedman School at Tufts University. She explains that a sudden loss of water pressure, water mains breaks and power outages or malfunctioning equipment in treatment plants are common reasons for a boil water advisory. “In some cases, routine water testing detects the presence of pathogens like E.Coli or coliform bacteria,” she says. “Heavy rains, flooding, or natural disasters can overwhelm water treatment systems and introduce contaminants into the supply.”

The Advisory informs the public that water must be boiled to be safe for drinking. “Boiling water is an effective way to kill most disease-causing organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa,” Naumova says. The heat from boiling damages the proteins and membranes of these pathogens, leading to their destruction.

How to Properly Boil Water During an Advisory

It’s not enough to wait for bubbles to form when heating water during a boil water advisory. You must bring the water to a rolling boil and keep it there for at least one minute. While most bacteria and viruses die off within seconds of temperatures between 70°C and 85°C, protozoa with protective cysts need higher sustained temperatures to kill them off.

Aria Amirbahman, the chair of the Civil Engineering Department and the Sukhmander Singh Endowed Professor at Santa Clara University, explains that boiling water for one minute at 100°C (212°F) is generally sufficient for disinfection, as the process leads to protein denaturation and, in some cases, the disruption of microbial cell walls. “However, to ensure safety—particularly at higher elevations where water boils at a lower temperature—it is advisable to boil water for up to five minutes,” he says.

Disinfecting Water with Bleach (When Boiling Isn’t an Option)

Disinfecting water with bleach in an emergency is not as drastic as it sounds, provided you follow the correct guidelines and precautions.

Is disinfecting water with bleach really safe?

You can disinfect water with bleach as an emergency water treatment strategy when boiling isn’t possible. This can be particularly helpful if you have a power outage. However, always use the right kind of bleach and the right amount.

“Liquid bleach, which contains sodium hypochlorite, disinfects water by oxidizing and destroying the cell membranes of microorganisms,” Amirbahman explains. “For emergency disinfection, it is generally recommended to add 8 drops of household bleach per gallon of clear water, with a few additional drops if the water is turbid [has a cloudy appearance],” he says.

However, adding chlorine to your water long-term or more than the recommended amount is not advised, as this can lead to toxic overexposure. “Drinking heavily chlorinated water can irritate the mouth, throat, and stomach, and may cause nausea or vomiting, especially in children or people with sensitive stomachs,” Naumova says.

How much bleach is too much for water purification?

It is not recommended to use more than 16 drops of household bleach (containing 5% to 6% sodium hypochlorite) per gallon of water. Naumova explains that the general guidance is to add 8 drops of bleach to clear water and wait 30 minutes before drinking. “The water should have a slight chlorine smell,” she says. “If not, repeat the dose and wait another 15 minutes.”

If the water is cloudy (turbid), the recommendation is to add 16 drops per gallon of water and wait 30 minutes before drinking. Naumova recommends filtering cloudy water through a cloth or coffee filter first, as this removes any larger particles.

Safety precautions

While bleach is a powerful water disinfectant, using it does have risks, and that’s why boiling is a better option when it’s available.

Only use plain, unscented household bleach, and take care when handling this skin and eye irritant. “Many household bleaches are scented, splashless, or concentrated—these varieties often contain additives like detergents, perfumes, or thickeners that are harmful or toxic if ingested,” Naumova says.

It’s also important to note that bleach doesn’t reliably kill all protozoan parasites with resistant outer shells, such as chlorine-resistant Cryptosporidium.

Amirbahman also points out that bleach loses effectiveness over time, particularly when exposed to heat and sunlight. He recommends replacing bleach bottles every three months.

Other Water Purification Methods

Iodine tablets and special water filtration systems are common alternatives to boiling or bleach for purifying drinking water. However, Amirbahman points out that iodine tablets are not recommended for long-term use, and filtration membranes may not effectively remove very small microorganisms, such as viruses, so these methods are best used in combination.

Naumova recommends only selecting filters specifically labeled to meet standards for microbial removal (such as NSF/ANSI 53 or 58). She also points out that filters require regular maintenance and replacement to remain effective.

“Portable UV sanitizers, such as SteriPEN, are effective against most microorganisms, including Giardia and Cryptosporidium, but UV light is most effective when the water is clear and free of turbidity,” Amirbahman says. “Solar disinfection, which involves exposing water in a clear glass or plastic bottle to direct sunlight for a full day, is another effective method, provided the water is not turbid.”

Naumova also recommends using emergency water purification products in order of priority, starting with boiling (if possible), then bleaching (if correctly dosed).

What Not to Do During a Boil Water Advisory

Don’t rely on your kettle to purify your water during a Boil Water Advisory. Naumova cautions that modern electric kettles often shut off automatically, meaning they may not achieve a rolling boil and temperatures required to kill off all harmful organisms.

Also, avoid using untreated water to brush your teeth or rinse your fruit and veggies, as this also exposes you to the risk of ingesting problematic pathogens.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long do boil water advisories last?

Boil water advisories typically last 24 to 48 hours. However, they could last several days or longer if a major incident affects the nearby water treatment plant.

Can I use bottled water instead of boiling?

Using bottled water instead of boiling during a boil water advisory is safe. Having a small supply of bottled water on hand for this type of emergency can be helpful.

Does Brita filter remove bacteria during an advisory?

A standard Brita water filter removes some taste and odor-impacting impurities from water. However, only specialized filters will remove bacteria and other microbial contaminants that are a concern during a boil water advisory.

About the Experts

  • Aria Amirbahman is the chair of the Civil Engineering Department and the Sukhmander Singh Endowed Professor at Santa Clara University. His research interests are aquatic chemistry, contaminant transport, and water treatment; email interview, Apr. 14, 2025
  • Elena N. Naumova, PhD, is a Professor in the Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science Division of the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University. She is also an AAAS Fellow with the Societal Impacts of Science and Engineering and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Public Health Policy, Springer Nature; email interview, Apr. 11, 2025.

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Lawn Care Confessions: Unfiltered Truths & Trade Secrets Behind Perfect Lawns https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/expert-lawn-care-secrets/ Thu, 17 Apr 2025 19:05:37 +0000 From emerging soil science to watering myths and eco-trends, here's how to turn your lawn into a green masterpiece.

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At one point in his career, lawn care expert Ryan Waltz was tasked with maintaining golf courses for the Professional Golfers’ Association of America’s (PGA) tour events. It was a monumental task, which often started at 2:30 a.m. Every aspect needed to be perfect, from making sure the mowing stripes on the tee boxes pointed in the correct direction to timing the irrigation system precisely down to the second.

“Every angle of turf care had to work in tandem to make these events what they were, both for the players and aesthetically for the audiences watching on TV around the world,” he says.

Luckily, creating an enviable lawn at home is a lot less stressful, but it still requires knowing the fundamentals of a lawn ecosystem. Think of the challenge as conducting a symphony, where instruments combine to create a lush and vibrant experience. But instead of violins and tubas, your tools are water, soil conditioning, nutrition, aeration, weed control, mowing, timing and especially passion.

“Maintaining a home lawn should never require you to wake up at 2:30 a.m., but it may require you to spend a little extra time in the garage sharpening those mower blades a couple times a year to keep a clean cut,” says Walts.

It All Starts With The Soil

In years past, the main focus of lawn care fell on the grass, so fertilizers and mowing schedules were the priorities. But now we’re becoming increasingly aware that success actually starts with a healthy soil ecosystem — healthy soil fosters better growth, helps keep out weeds, cuts water usage in half and enhances nutrients, which can reduce fertilizer dependence by 40%.

“The real secret is what is happening under the surface,” says turf specialist Bennett Barrier. “Would you prefer to spend decades fighting yellow patches and weeds or establish a self-sustaining lawn?”

One of his clients in Dallas learned this lesson the hard way. Before consulting with Barrier, he had spent thousands of dollars on high-quality sod but neglected to address his soil. “The compacted clay suffocated the roots, and by the time he called us in, half the grass had died,” says Barrier. Barrier was able to revive the lawn using liquid aeration and organic composting. “Within months, the lawn recovered,” he says. “Proper soil prep is everything.”

It’s also vital to test your soil to assess its pH levels and nutrient deficiencies. Landscape designer Eduard Negodenko used this tactic to revive a large residential lawn that had gone unattended for years. The soil test prompted him to add lime and organic matter. He also aerated it, reseeded it with drought-tolerant grass and installed a drip irrigation system for water conservation.

“The natural process was long and slow,” says Negodenko. “I remember the client losing faith halfway through. But in months, the lawn finally transformed into a beautiful green space. Starting off with the soil is the biggest takeaway for me. No amount of mowing or fertilizer could ever give a sustainable, beautiful lawn without soil health being addressed.”

Tips For A Lush, Healthy Lawn From Turf Pros

Aeration

Negodenko, Walts and Barrier all emphasize that aeration is vital for reducing soil compaction, as it allows more water and nutrients to reach the grasses’ roots. Traditionally, aeration involves a machine that punches small holes into the soil, but Barrier says it’s also possible to aerate with a soil-conditioning spray.

“For larger areas, machine aeration is effective, especially when the soil is compacted,” says Barrier. “For smaller or more delicate lawns, a soil-conditioning spray can be equally beneficial without disrupting the yard.”

Negodenko further recommends following aeration with a mixture of organic compost and sand to improve drainage and bring in needed nutrients.

Pre-Emergent

Content creator Jordan Netzel, aka “The Lawn Tools,” says his No. 1 tip is to use pre-emergent to prevent weeds. “Preventing the weeds from popping up in the first place is a lot easier than trying to kill them after the fact, specifically with crabgrass,” he says. (Many experts recommend avoiding products with glyphosate, however, which harms bees and natural ecosystems.)

Proper Mowing

Negodenko says most homeowners make the mistake of cutting grass too short, which weakens lawns by making them more susceptible to weeds and diseases. For most grass species, he recommends a height of three inches.

  • Emerging trend: electric lawn equipment. “I see a lot of people being really bitter about battery equipment, but I like how quiet it is and I love how low maintenance it is,” says Netzel. “My ah-ha moment was after I had been using electric trimmers and found myself extremely annoyed with how loud my neighbor’s gas string trimmer was.”

Adequate Watering

Many lawn enthusiasts don’t realize that it’s better to water deeply and less frequently, which helps roots grow deeper, says Negodenko. Also, beware of inconsistencies in your irrigation system, which could cause overwatering in some areas and underwatering in others.

  • Emerging trend: smart irrigation systems. These new, nifty devices monitor soil moisture, weather and soil type, then adjust irrigation accordingly. They save money, plus EPA studies have shown that they can save up to 50% on water use, says Barrier. “That is quite a lot, especially for areas experiencing drought or water restrictions,” he says.

Organic Fertilizers

Walts recommends regularly applying slow-release, eco-friendly soil treatments like compost or organic soil amendments to improve soil health and make grass more resilient. Organic fertilizers are gentler on the environment, reducing runoff into waterways while promoting healthy soil. A common mistake is over-fertilizing with chemical fertilizers, which can lead to nutrient overload, polluting the environment and harming beneficial insects.”

Organic fertilizers are also trending in commercial lawn care, says Negodenko. “There’s a move towards less chemical fertilizers and pesticides treatment, with a growing percentage of lawn care enthusiasts going for organic alternatives of compost tea or neem oil for that healthy lawn,” he says.

Probiotics

A milestone new trend is soil probiotics, says Barrier. These combinations of fungi and bacteria improve soil health by making nutrients more available and helping with water retention. One study showed they enhance drought tolerance by 30%, a big plus with increasingly erratic rain patterns. Plus, they lessen the need for synthetic fertilizers, so they’re better for the environment and overall soil health, he says.

“Smart irrigation systems and probiotics are areas where we’re seeing a real positive, exciting change in the industry,” says Barrier. “Probiotics are a newer trend, but their benefits are becoming increasingly obvious as more research is done.”

LawnTok

Want more lawn ideas? Try using LawnTok for helpful solutions, says Negodenko. “LawnTok is propagating knowledge and excitement about lawn care for most DIY enthusiasts,” he says.

For A True Show-Stopping Lawn, Think Beyond Grass

Creating a truly knockout lawn takes more than just grass, says Negodenko. Instead, aim for a yard that feels aesthetically whole, plus serves a purpose by including elements like pollinator-friendly gardens, water-efficient irrigation, xeriscaping and areas designed for outdoor living.

“Emerging trends in lawn care these days are influenced by sustainability and environmental responsibility,” he says, “effects that are beneficial not only to this planet but also to the increasing demand for low-maintenance landscapes.

Negodenko’s other pro-tips for achieving a well-rounded yard include:

  • Plant a diversity of plants for year-round interest, especially native species that are well-adapted to your climate, helpful to the ecosystem and require less maintenance. “With annuals and perennials, mixed with shrubs and ornamental grasses, your yard is guaranteed a splash of color and texture well into the winter,” he says.
  • Hardscaping, such as walkways, patios and garden borders, adds a refined feel to your yard and enhances its functionality. “Most homeowners stuff their yards with as many features as possible or place them completely ignoring flow and proportion,” he says. Just a well-designed path or even a simple stone border around flower beds can do so much to create the illusion of structure and visual interest.”
  • Create defined edges. “A crisp lawn edge and some nicely defined hedges will instantly transform your yard into having a well-manicured, professional quality, and ensure it becomes the star in the neighborhood,” he says.

Netzel’s advice for creating a show-stopping lawn is stripes. “A weed-free and fresh-cut lawn can look nice, but if there are stark lawn stripes, that’s what will turn heads,” he says. I take it to the next level by trying to incorporate different patterns to make my lawn look like plaid.”

If you want in on the stripes game, Netzel says the trick is to use a roller or something heavy on the mower that will push that grass over as you mow. Then, when you go in different directions, the grass will reflect the sun differently and appear to be different shades of green. “Stripes going toward and away from the sun show up the best,” he says.

Finally, keep in mind that creating the perfect lawn will require some trial and error, so have fun with the journey.

“In lawn care, Tiger, Phil and Rory are nowhere to be found, but there is still grass,” says Walts. “At home, it may not require the same level of intensive care as a golf course, but it still demands love and care to perform its best.”

About the Experts

  • Eduard Negodenko has been designing landscapes and providing lawn and garden expertise for more than seven years. He currently works at Avanti Landscaping in Toronto, Canada.
  • Ryan Walts is training manager and business coach at the fertilizer and weed control franchise Lawn Squad. He has 17 years of experience in turfgrass science and maintenance.
  • Bennett Barrier is a turf specialist and CEO of DFW Turf Solutions.
  • Content creator and Toro ambassador Jordan Netzel and his brother are “The Lawn Tools.” Unless Netzel’s lawn looks like an MLB baseball field, he’s not happy.

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Do You Know What That Strip at the Bottom of Bath Towels Is For? https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/dobby-border/ Thu, 17 Apr 2025 15:29:38 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=668367 That "dobby border" is not just for looks, it serves some useful purposes. But it can also have a downside.

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We often judge our bath towels on how soft they feel, or if their color matches the decorative tile just right. But, there’s another test of a towel’s character: the decorative, woven stripes near the bottom, aka the dobby border.

It is difficult to pinpoint when weavers first considered incorporating dobby borders on fabrics, but they started being a staple on bath towels sometime after the dobby loom came about in 1843, as its upgraded mechanics allowed weavers to create more complex fabric designs.

Today, dobby borders on bath towels are mostly ubiquitous, though sometimes we notice the touch of class they add. Other times, they can be frustrating, especially on lower-end towels, if the weave ends up shrinking, bunching or fraying.

Suddenly, dobby borders are having a moment, though, after someone on social media made a post wondering what they are for, and the post got more than 91 million views. If you’re curious about the answer to that question, here’s what to know about dobby borders, and why you might want, or not want them on your bathroom towels.

What Is the Strip at the Bottom of Towels Called?

That woven stripe near the edge of bath towels is called a dobby border. The name comes from the dobby loom, on which weavers use a special attachment to create simple, geometric patterns. The word “dobby” comes from the old term for a weaver’s assistant, “draw boy.” Sometimes, a dobby border is also called a dobbie border, decorative border, dobby weave, woven band, woven trim or decorative band.

What Is a Dobby Border, and What Does It Do?

A dobby border typically adds a touch of style to a towel, often through checkered, striped or diamond patterns. But it also serves more functional purposes. Because that stripe is denser and less absorbent than the rest of the towel, it helps towels hold their shape better, keeping them from shrinking unevenly in the wash and curling or fraying at the edges. Dobby borders can also make towels easier to hang on a clothesline and give added durability to towels that get washed often in commercial settings, like hotels and gyms.

“Plus, it offers a touch of design variation without printing or dyeing and often serves as a brand signature in luxury towels,” says product developer Belinda Jacobs.

What’s the Difference Between a Towel With and Without a Dobby Border?

Towels with dobby borders often last longer since the weave adds structure, thus helping the towel hold its shape. However, low-end dobby borders can shrink or pucker if they’re not properly pre-shrunk or stitched. So, whether to buy towels with a dobby border comes down to the quality of the towel you’re buying and your personal preference.

“Towels without a dobby border are usually larger and have a more modern feel, but could also be more prone to fraying or curling at the ends,” says designer Gretchen Rivera.

Do Towels With Dobby Borders Cost More?

Sometimes towels with dobby borders are more expensive because of the additional weaving process, though usually, the difference is marginal unless there are complex patterns or specialty yarns involved, like metallic threads. Often, luxury brands have dobby borders, too, and those will cost more as well.

“Dobby towels often also use a higher quality of cotton, so for the extra cost, you’re getting a more durable towel,” says Rivera. “It’s the towel equivalent of upgrading from flip-flops to loafers: still functional, just a bit more polished.

About the Experts

  • Gretchen Rivera is owner and principal designer at Casa Casual Interiors in Alexandria, Virginia. She has more than two decades of experience as a conceptual artist and designer. Instagram: @casacasual_interiors.
  • Belinda Jacobs is a product developer and technical designer at Tech Packs Co., where she helps fashion brands bring their products to life. She has 15 years of experience in fashion and manufacturing.

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Planned Blackouts: Why Utilities Cut Power on Purpose https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/planned-blackouts/ Wed, 16 Apr 2025 19:20:26 +0000 Planned blackouts help prevent wildfires caused by downed power lines and malfunctioning electrical equipment. Here's how to get ready for one.

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The wind provides welcome relief from summer heat, but in California and other states, high summer winds can be deadly. They can fan errant sparks into flames and then spread the resultant fires over large areas, resulting in widespread forest destruction, property damage, injuries and deaths. Power companies like Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) have developed a strategy of planned blackouts, also known as Public Service Power Shutoffs (PSPS’s), primarily for public safety but also to limit their own liability for fires caused by downed or malfunctioning electrical lines.

According to Katherine Blunt, author of “California Burning,” San Diego Gas & Electric (SDGE) instituted the strategy after the 2007 Witch Creek Fire caused $1.142 billion in damages and necessitated the evacuation of one million people in Southern California. She says the strategy “was rarely used after that” until PG&E adopted it after a series of fires decimated wine country in 2017. “In 2019, the company had its biggest PSPS, with millions of people without power for days.” I remember that well: the outage lasted long enough for us to run out of water at my home in the Santa Cruz mountains because the well pump didn’t work. That was an uncomfortable and even scary situation in the oppressive heat and the tinder-dry forest.

Planned blackouts are here to stay, but what are the chances of future ones being as severe, and how should homeowners prepare? We checked with Blunt, Jessica Nelson of the Golden State Power Cooperative and Nick Barber of Prepaid Electricity for clarity.

What Is a Planned Blackout?

Power companies monitor weather reports and institute planned blackouts when dangerously high winds and dry conditions are forecast. During a PSPS, they cut electrical service to homes and businesses within the affected area after first warning residents of the impending shutoff. The power stays off until conditions improve and the power lines have been thoroughly inspected.

Where Do Planned Blackouts Happen?

Several California utilities conduct planned blackouts, but they aren’t just a California thing. “Across the West,” says Blunt, “there’s a pretty concerted effort by most utilities to get plans in place to do this,” although, as Nelson notes, each state has different regulations regarding utility operations.

Following the Lahaina fire of 2023, Hawaiian electric has put a PSPS plan in place. “There was an interesting amount of public criticism of Hawaiian electric for not cutting the power ahead of time,” says Blunt. She notes that Oregon utilities have also followed suit, with Portland General Electric having done planned blackouts in the past.

How Long Are Planned Blackouts?

The multi-day outage of 2019 is not a common occurrence, but it could theoretically still happen. “A PSPS can be of varying duration,” says Barber, “but most tend to range from a few hours to several days, based on the intensity of the weather event and how long it takes to visually inspect and safely re-energize the power lines afterward. The power isn’t turned back on as soon as the skies clear—utilities must inspect every section of the affected grid to ensure it is safe, which in some instances prolongs outages by a day or two.”

Mitigation efforts by utility companies that include replacing outdated equipment and installing switches to reduce the area an outage has to cover reduce the time needed for inspection and, therefore, the overall length of the outage. Blunt says these efforts make it increasingly likely that an outage will last hours rather than days.

What Is the Cost of Planned Blackouts?

Whatever the costs to the utility company, Blunt states that they are not passed on to consumers. Power companies “don’t charge consumers for blackouts,” she says, but they also “don’t owe you if you lose a fridge full of groceries.”

The loss of perishables and other incidental costs of a multi-day PSPS could impact individual households to the tune of $100 to $150 — or more — per event. On a macro scale, BloomEnergy reports that the Department of Energy estimates that the annual cost to U.S. businesses because of planned outages was roughly $150 billion in 2019.

Does the Government Coordinate Planned Blackouts?

While utility providers conduct planned blackouts, there is government oversight. According to Blunt, California PSPSs are overseen by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). After every event, “utilities have to submit a report saying how it went.” Nelson puts it this way: “Each state has different regulations regarding utility operations. In California, all power utilities are required to evaluate and implement the wildfire mitigation measures that are appropriate in their service territory.”

In California, the CPUC requires utilities to have a communication network in place that allows them to warn consumers 48 to 72 hours before a PSPS. The utilities typically use the news media and notifications on their websites, and they may also ping individual customers on their cell phones.

How to Prepare for a Planned Blackout

“Homeowners should prepare for a PSPS by signing up for outage alerts if their utility provides them,” advises Nelson. “Make sure your emergency kit is stocked and phones, devices, and electric vehicles are charged. Have a plan if you have medical or mobility needs or if you anticipate needing to relocate to a cooling center. Contact your power company immediately if you observe vegetation in contact with power lines or broken equipment.”

Barber adds: “For electrically powered medically dependent equipment, call your utility company—they usually have special programs for vulnerable customers to receive priority notification or assistance. If you have an energy monitoring system or smart thermostat, switch off high-energy appliances prior to the power shutdown so that you can prevent an energy spike once the power is back. And have a communications plan — a cell tower might be down too, so a battery-powered radio or other alternative communications device comes in handy.”

About the Experts

Sources

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What Are Spurge Weeds and How Do You Get Rid Of Them? https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/spurge-weeds/ Tue, 15 Apr 2025 13:41:43 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=668045 Knowing what spurge weeds are is the first step in getting rid of them.

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Spring is the perfect time to prepare for everything summer brings. The warmer weather and later sunlight bring people outside of their homes and into their yards. From filling container gardens to laying new mulch, spring is kickoff season for yard work. Just a couple of weeks ago, here in east Tennessee, we started needing to mow our lawns and prepare them for summer.

A big part of lawn maintenance is weed control. As with so many things, prevention is key. This is particularly true with spurge weeds, which plague lawns all across the United States. Spurge weeds are hardy and produce thousands of seeds per plant once they flower, so it’s important to catch them before they sprout or very soon after.

Ahead, some more information about how to spot spurge weeds, how best to get rid of them, and what you can do to prevent them.

What Are Spurge Weeds?

Spurge weeds belong to the genus Euphorbia. They are fast-growing, invasive plants that are the bane of many Americans with lawns and lawn care routines. They thrive in poor, compacted soil and hot, dry environments, so they are especially prolific during summer months.

According to Julia Omelchenko, resident botany expert at plant care app Plantum, “There are several types of spurge, such as the spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata), the ground spurge (Euphorbia prostrate) and the creeping spurge (Euphorbia serpens), to name a few. While these species slightly differ in appearance and growth patterns, they still have lots in common.”

Omelchenko details, “Spurge weeds form thick mats, smothering grass and cultivated plants,” and they’re particularly problematic because “if left unchecked, these highly resilient weeds can quickly spread over a large area.” Each plant can produce thousands of seeds that can germinate immediately, the next year, or stay dormant in the soil for years, according to the horticulture division of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In addition, when the stems or leaves of spurge weeds are damaged, they release a milky white sap that irritates the skin and can be toxic to pets if swallowed.

Another characteristic of spurge weeds is their adaptability to various conditions and their rapid reproduction, both of which make them a huge nuisance to residential landscapes.

What Do Spurge Weeds Look Like?

Spurge weeds are easy to spot. They grow in areas like cracks in sidewalks, driveways or garden beds near concrete and have a distinct appearance that’s easy to distinguish from surrounding plants and grass.

Ryan Walts, turf management expert and training coach of lawn maintenance franchise Lawn Squad, describes spurge weeds as having “a distinctive appearance with small, oval leaves arranged in a whorled pattern around the stems. The leaves may have a reddish tint, especially in the summer heat. One of the key identifiers is the plant’s ability to form a mat-like structure on the ground, which can crowd out surrounding plants.”

Omelchenko adds, “During the growing season, spurge produces tiny green or pink flowers in the leaf axils. Despite their size, these flowers generate a large number of seeds, allowing spurge to spread rapidly. The seeds can be carried by wind, water, animals, lawnmowers, and even sticking to shoes.”

How To Get Rid of Spurge Weeds

Although spurge weeds are invasive and spread quickly, they don’t have to be hard to get rid of if you’re aware of some important points.

The first line of defense against spurge weeds, once they appear in your landscape, is weeding by hand. Targeting spurge weeds is easy because they’re easy to spot. Omelchenko explains how to hand-weed spurge weeds effectively: “Hand-weeding is a good option for handling small patches of spurge plants, provided you do it properly. It’s crucial to remove the root system, especially the taproot, to prevent regrowth. Make sure to wear gloves during the process to avoid contact with the irritating sap. The best time to remove spurge is when the soil is moist, as dry soil can cause the roots to break, leaving parts behind and allowing the weed to grow back.”

Herbicides can also be used to deal with spurge weed, but Omelchenko cautions, “Remember that herbicides can harm other garden plants or crops and can be toxic to humans and animals, so use them only as a last resort.” She adds that “herbicides are most useful when spurge appears in sidewalk cracks or garden paths rather than in garden beds or lawns.”

Walts is also a proponent of herbicides. “The most effective way to control spurge weeds is to apply the weed control product directly on the target area. Spurge is a broadleaf weed, so applying the appropriate post-emergent herbicide that targets broadleaf weeds is essential,” he says.

How to Prevent Spurge Weeds From Returning

Because spurge weeds are invasive, you should expect their yearly return to your garden. However, there are some preventive measures you can take.

Maintaining a healthy lawn is actually one of the best ways to discourage spurge weeds. Omelchenko explains, “Since spurge weeds thrive in compacted or poor soils, they tend to appear in lawns with thin or bare patches. That’s why proper lawn care, such as mowing, watering, and fertilizing, promotes thick and strong grass that can naturally outcompete weeds like spurge.” Walts concurs, saying, “Prevention begins with maintaining a healthy lawn. Aeration, fertilization, and overseeding can help create a dense lawn that makes it more difficult for spurge weeds to establish. A well-maintained lawn is a natural defense against many weed species, including spurge.”

In addition, pre-emergent herbicides and consistent hand-pulling can help keep spurge weed under control. However, it’s important that both of these methods be used before seeds germinate in order to maximize their effectiveness. “Consistent hand-pulling of any young spurge plants before they can produce seeds will help to limit their spread,” confirms Walts.

FAQs

Why are spurge weeds so hard to control?

Spurge weeds are difficult to control due to a few factors. They thrive in areas that are inhospitable to other plants, such as in compacted soil and in hot, dry environments, so it’s easy for them to grow. Their tap roots are hard to pull out, so even when they are pulled by hand, and you think you got them, they could re-emerge from the tap root remnant that’s still in the soil. In addition, they are self-seeding and can spread quickly if not kept in check.

Can I eliminate spurge weeds for good?

Spurge weeds are prolific, rampant, and invasive. You shouldn’t expect to get rid of them once and for all. Instead, you should prepare for them with a pre-emergent herbicide in early spring and then be vigilant to hand weed whenever you see new plants pop up so they don’t have a chance to germinate and spread. Also, stay on top of maintaining your lawn, since dense, healthy lawns with no bare spots help minimize spurge weed.

About the Experts

  • Julia Omelchenko is a botanist at AIBY Inc. and plant expert for the Plantum plant care app, where she has consulted on botany-related topics for five years. Her areas of specialization include phytopathology, plant physiology, and plant biochemistry.

  • Ryan Walts is a turf management and maintenance expert with a passion for turf science. He is also a training manager and business coach for lawn treatment franchise Lawn Squad.

Sources

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Why Is My Neighbor’s Lawn Greener Than Mine? https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/how-to-make-your-lawn-greener/ Mon, 14 Apr 2025 20:25:19 +0000 A lot of techniques need to come together to create that enviable lawn. Here's a rundown, from soil pH to watering.

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For some, the quest to create the lushest, greenest lawn on the block is a serious summer-long competition. For others, it’s more about just having a comfortable, aesthetically pleasing place to chill outdoors. Regardless of personality type, at some point, we’ve all probably asked ourselves, “Why is the neighbor’s lawn greener than mine?”

The answer is multi-faceted. A lot of lawn care practices need to come together to create that masterpiece. But getting it right isn’t out of reach. Here’s what to know about why your neighbor’s lawn is greener than yours and how to troubleshoot what’s holding yours back.

Why Is My Neighbor’s Lawn Greener Than Mine?

Watering habits

In general, lawns benefit from deep watering, which encourages strong root growth. Landscape designer Eduard Negodenko recommends soaking the ground to 1.5 inches deep once a week in the early morning. Also, avoid night watering, as it can encourage fungal diseases.

“Irrigation systems also vary,” he says. “Perhaps your neighbor’s system blankets the entire lawn evenly with hydration, while your hand-held hose or sprinkler may miss some spots.”

Soil composition

Soil composition varies between yards due to home construction, past landscaping practices and natural soil variations. A soil test can determine the nutrient balance in your soil and whether your yard’s pH is too high (alkaline) or too low (acidic). The ideal range for most grasses is between 6.0 and 7.0, says Negodenko. “Anything above or below and your grass will struggle to absorb nutrients no matter how much fertilizer you apply,” he says.

Nutrients and fertilization

Lawns lacking nutrients may look pale or yellowish, says turf expert Ryan Walts. “Products containing nitrogen, iron, and/or ferrous sulfate often encourage green-up of the grass and provide a more immediate visual response,” he says. Also, a soil test will show what essential nutrients might be lacking, such as nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium.

The type of fertilizer can also affect lawn color. Quick-release fertilizers can green things up quickly but for a shorter time. “If the neighbor uses slow-release nitrogen-rich fertilizers every six to eight weeks in the growing season, the grass will always be green in color,” says Negodenko.

Shade

Most grass varieties do best with at least four to six hours of direct sunlight per day. If your lawn is less green “it could be that your neighbor’s yard is receiving a little more sun, or they chose a shade-tolerant variety like fine fescue or St. Augustine, while your yard struggles with a sun-loving species like Bermuda grass,” says Negodenko.

Weed control

Competition from weeds can also weaken a lawn. “If weeds such as crabgrass, dandelions or clover are stealing nutrients and water, your grass will have trouble maintaining health,” says Negodenko.

Mowing habits

“Most homeowners mow too short, thinking this will cause the lawn to need mowing less frequently, but this actually damages the lawn because it exposes more soil surfaces to sunlight,” says Negodenko. That ends up making it more susceptible to weeds.

The ideal mowing height varies by grass type, but in general, cutting it no shorter than three inches, as well as never cutting off more than one-third of the length of the grass blades, will keep your lawn healthy and help it develop deep roots that hold onto moisture.

Lawn care routine

Another reason your neighbor’s lawn might be greener than yours is their maintenance routine. “A lawn with a consistent care program, including aeration, overseeding and seasonal treatments, will generally stay greener and healthier throughout the year compared to one that doesn’t,” says Walts.

Tips To Make My Lawn Look Like My Neighbor’s

Just ask

“The best first step to make your lawn the same as your neighbor’s is to ask what they do,” says Negodenko. “They may give you a bit on the products they use, watering schedules or perhaps even mention hiring a professional lawn care service.”

Test your soil

Testing your soil for nutrients and pH levels is a game-changer. Buy an at-home kit or send a sample to a local extension services office to find out exactly what your lawn needs.

Water properly

Water each area of your lawn three mornings per week for 20 to 30 minutes. “Lawns that receive consistent, deep watering tend to be greener and healthier than those that don’t,” says Walts.

Prune trees and bushes

If shade is the problem, prune back tree branches or switch to a more shade-tolerant grass species.

Slow-release fertilize

Use a slow-release nitrogen-blend fertilizer to keep your grass fed continuously throughout the season, and fertilize at recommended intervals. “Proper fertilization helps grass make the most of nutrients and store energy, keeping it lush and resilient,” says Walts. “Regular applications of organic products can also improve drought tolerance.”

Mow higher

If you’ve been mowing too short, now is a good time to raise your blade to that healthier height, which will ultimately encourage strong root growth, says Negodenko.

Aerate

Walts recommends aerating your lawn annually during peak growing seasons to loosen compacted soil and improve water and nutrient absorption. “This can lead to stronger, deeper roots and an overall healthier lawn. ”

Pest control

Keep an eye out for insects and lawn diseases, as they can steal nutrients and weaken your grass, says Walts. “Implementing a pest control program can help maintain your lawn’s health and keep it looking as vibrant as your neighbor’s,” he says.

Limit traffic and wear

Reducing foot traffic, especially in high-use areas, can help prevent patchy or worn-down spots, says Walts. “If needed, create designated walkways or play areas to keep the grass in its best shape,” he says.

About the Experts

  • Eduard Negodenko has been designing landscapes and providing lawn and garden expertise for more than seven years. He currently work at Avanti Landscaping in Toronto, Canada.
  • Ryan Walts is training manager and business coach at the fertilizer and weed control franchise Lawn Squad. He has 17 years of experience in turfgrass science and maintenance.

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How Coffee Grounds Can Supercharge Your Plants https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/coffee-grounds-for-plants/ Fri, 11 Apr 2025 18:21:57 +0000 Gardening experts share ways you an use coffee grounds to make your plants (and lawns) grow via compost, fertilization, and more.

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If you love gardening and have some extra coffee grounds around, you’ll be glad to know that those grounds can help boost your green thumb. Coffee grounds are really good for plants in some circumstances. They can easily be used for many reasons, from extra nourishment to pest control. Knowing how to incorporate them into your gardening routine is key to ensuring optimal plant and lawn health.

Whether you’ve been there and done that and are looking to enhance your current gardening regimen or are new to gardening and looking for the ground rules when using coffee beans, we’ve got you covered. Ahead, professors, horticulturists, master gardeners, and extension specialists weigh in on the nuances of the answer to the question “Are coffee grounds good for plants?” Additionally, they share best practices when it comes to using coffee grounds on different types of plants, lawns, and soils.

Are Coffee Grounds Good for Plants?

Coffee grounds can be good for plants depending on the type of coffee grounds used, the type of plant, and how the coffee grounds are used. That said, “There is a significant difference between fresh and used coffee grounds. Most of the nutritional benefits come from the fresh stuff, not the stuff you can get by the bucket from your local barista,” explains Jonathan Russell-Anelli, a senior lecturer and extension associate at Cornell University’s School of Integrative Plant Science.

Which plants are coffee grounds good for?

Although we’ve covered the basic answer to the question “Are coffee grounds good for plants?” it is important to know which plants (as only some prefer more acidic soil). Plants that benefit from coffee grounds include cabbage, soybeans, anthuriums as well as some other houseplants, root vegetables, and ericaceous plants such as azaleas and hydrangeas, adds Stephen Pryce Lea, the deputy executive director of horticulture at the Delaware Botanic Gardens.

What plants do not react well to coffee grounds?

As important as it is to know which plants react well to coffee grounds, it is equally important to be aware of the plants that may experience an adverse reaction. “Plants that prefer a more alkaline soil may not thrive as much with coffee grounds and may become stunted over time, ” explains Masterson. Barychko adds that these types of plants may also experience burns resulting from over-acidification, and nobody wants that. As far as specific plants go, Langelo notes that you should avoid placing coffee grounds on plants, including orchids, tomatoes, rosemary, lavender, cover, alfalfa, and century plants, to name a few.

Luke Gatiboni, Ph.D., a professor in the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences at North Carolina State University, recommends testing your soil and coffee grounds beforehand to avoid applying coffee grounds to plants that may not be as receptive to them or those already planted in acidic soil. Luckily for you, testing soil pH can easily be done using a strip kit or by sending your soil to a laboratory (although this might be a larger investment).

Are Coffee Grounds Good for the Lawn?

Daniel Barychko, a horticulturist at the Central Florida Zoo, notes that coffee grounds can be good for the lawn depending on how they’re used, the type of grass, and the soil pH. To be most favorable for a lawn, coffee grounds should be properly composted, explains Wendy Wilber, a Florida master gardener volunteer program coordinator and horticulture extension agent for the University of Florida IFAS. “[Coffee grounds] can be beneficial on lawns when used sparingly, improving soil health and providing a natural slow-release fertilizer,” adds Lea.

Coffee grounds can benefit the lawn by adding trace minerals such as nitrogen and phosphorus, adds Linda Langelo, a Colorado-based horticulturist and extension horticulture specialist at Colorado State University. However, you need to be careful to ensure your soils mineral levels are balanced to prevent the overuse or depletion of other trace minerals.

Why Are Coffee Grounds Good for Lawn/Plant Care?

According to Lea, “Coffee grounds add essential nutrients (such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus) back into the soil naturally, improve the soil structure, and help foster a healthy ecosystem for beneficial microorganisms and earthworms. They can also help control pests without the need for chemical treatments.”

How To Use Coffee Grounds for Plants/the Lawn?

In compost

Composting coffee grounds is one of the most effective ways to use them when it comes to plant and lawn care, as many lawns cannot handle the large quantities of caffeine contained directly in coffee grounds themselves. “If using it [coffee grounds] as compost, you can make compost as quickly as your piles can be finished,” explains Irish-Hanson. With this in mind, she adds that you should aim to keep your concentration of coffee to 20% or less (with between 10% and 20% as the ideal range) in your compost to create the healthiest mix.

“At my home for the past two years, I have been adding all my coffee grounds and vegetable waste into a composter that dries the coffee grounds and vegetables and breaks them down,” says Andrea Masterson, a horticulturist and collections manager at The Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens. “I store this compost until spring, then I add it to the soil in my vegetable garden. Last year was the first year I did it and I believe it was very beneficial and helped create a good yield.”

Adding them to a worm bin

Barychko notes that one of the most advantageous ways to use coffee grounds is as part of a worm bin. “The earthworms can consume the grounds, break them down and add the nutrients to their “castings” which forms a very rich and nutrient-dense soil amendment that is safe to use without the worry of burning your plants or grass,” he adds.

As fertilizer

Although it is not recommended that coffee grounds be used as your main fertilizer source, depending on the circumstances of the lawn, you might be able to occasionally use them as a slow-release fertilizer. Mixing coffee grounds with other organic matter is a best practice when it comes to fertilizing soil.

As a soil amendment

Although coffee grounds can be used as a soil amendment, it can become costly. Wilber notes that when you mix composted coffee grounds into garden soil, it will enhance the soil’s overall structure and ability to hold nutrients.

What Not To Do When Using Coffee Grounds as Lawn Care

If you plan on using coffee grounds as lawn care, there are a couple of things you want to avoid. First and foremost, Langelo notes that you should not apply them directly onto your lawn as their caffeine can harm the microbes within the soil. Barychko adds that you don’t want to over-apply coffee grounds (or apply them in clumps) to a lawn as this may cause over-acidification and your lawn to experience unwanted holes. It is also a best practice to avoid applying coffee grounds directly onto seedlings as their high nitrogen content can prevent younger plants from properly germinating and growing, explains Lea.

Can coffee grounds hurt my lawn?

“If used excessively, coffee grounds can hurt your lawn as adding too much coffee grounds to your soil can create a compacted coffee layer, reducing air and water flow in the soil, leading to root suffocation and potentially harmful mold growth,” explains Lea.

How often should I use coffee grounds in my plants and lawn?

How often you should use coffee grounds in your plants and lawn will depend on several factors, including how you decide to use the coffee grounds, the climate, and the season. In many cases, using coffee grounds once a month is sufficient. “Using them too frequently can cause nitrogen overload, which could harm plants or grass. The best time to apply them is during the growing season, from early spring to mid-summer, when plants and lawns can take full advantage of the nutrients,” explains Lea.

However, the frequency can change if you’re using compost. Irish-Hanson notes that compost can be applied as needed and usually in the springtime if it’s part of a mulch combination. That said, Langelo recommends avoiding applying coffee grounds on lawns during the warmer months.

About the Experts

  • Jonathan Russell-Anelli is a senior lecturer and extension associate within the School of Integrative Plant Science at Cornell University. He has conducted and continues to research how the characteristics of soil change in urban environments influenced by humans. Furthermore, he has contributed to several publications covering soil and factors that impact growth.
  • Linda Langelo is a Colorado-based horticulturist with more than 20 years of industry experience. She serves as an extension horticulture specialist at Colorado State University and is the producer of The Relentless Gardener podcast.
  • Laura Irish-Hanson is a horticulture extension education at the University of Minnesota. Before her role as an extension educator, she taught classes on plant propagation at the university. She has experience using coffee grounds (making up no more than 10% volume) on plants as part of her vermicomposting under-sink set-up used on in-ground and larger houseplant pots.
  • Daniel Barychko has been a horticulturist at the Central Florida Zoo for three years. When not helping to care for the plants at the zoo, he is an active member of the Florida Native Plant Society.
  • Luke Gatiboni, Ph.D., is a professor within the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and an extension specialist in soil fertility and nutrient management at North Carolina State University.
  • Andrea Masterson is a horticulturist and collections manager at The Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens. With 10 years of experience, she works to maintain the 12-acre site which houses an arboretum and a multitude of plant collections.
  • Stephen Pryce Lea is the deputy executive director of Horticulture at the Delaware Botanic Gardens.
  • Wendy Wilber is a Florida master gardener volunteer program coordinator and horticulture extension agent for the University of Florida IFAS. With more than 20 years of industry experience and a master’s degree in horticultural sciences from the University of Florida, she is a specialist in all things landscaping.

Sources

  • Steven Fonte, Ph.D., an associate professor in the Department of Soil at Crop Sciences at Colorado State University; email interview, March 18, 2025.
  • Washington State University: “myths, miracles…or marketing Coffee grounds— will they perk up plants?” (2009)

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15 Most Common Car Repairs By Car Mileage https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/car-repairs-by-mileage/ https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/car-repairs-by-mileage/#respond Fri, 11 Apr 2025 16:19:02 +0000 With over 50 plus year's in the auto repair industry, I know it's better to replace a part before it fails rather than wait until it fails—and you find...

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A man replaces a car battery under the hood, using red clips. An EXIDE battery rests on a nearby tool chest in a garage setting.

Replacing the Battery

Most batteries last 30,000 to 50,000 miles and usually come with a three to five year prorated warranty. Check the battery cables (and battery fluid if your battery has removable fill caps) at every oil change and service the battery and battery terminals once a year, especially before the cold winter months set in. For peace of mind, even though there are jump starters in all of my cars, and I have AAA Roadside Assistance, I replace the batteries in my vehicles every three years.

A hand in a glove removes a cap, causing green fluid to spill from a vehicle's engine, surrounded by rusted metal parts and machinery.

Replacing Coolant Hoses

When it’s time to flush the coolant system, it’s also an excellent time to replace the coolant hoses. Since the mid-1990s, most automotive coolants have had a 50,000-mile or five-year live span. The coolant in newer cars can last 100,000 miles or up to ten years. The extended life and corrosion protection properties of long-life coolant, plus years of extreme temperature fluctuations, weaken, deteriorate and cause the inside of coolant hoses to crack and fail without warning.

A hand uses a ratchet wrench to tighten a spark plug in a car engine, surrounded by automotive tools and spark plugs on a red cloth.

Replacing Spark Plugs

Many manufacturers expect spark plugs to last 30,000 miles, others, depending on the material the spark plugs are made from, up to100,000 miles. Removing spark plugs to check for wear at the halfway mileage point, or if your car is running or idling rough or backfiring, is a good idea to see how they are wearing. That said, if you’re going to pull the spark plugs to just take a look, you might as well replace them while you’re at it. With today’s sensitive engine monitoring and emission systems, it’s critical to replace spark plugs with the same type (copper, platinum or iridium) and brand recommended by your car’s manufacturer.

An engine component features blue gears connected by a black belt, surrounded by metallic parts and hoses in an automotive setting.

Replacing The Timing Belt (and Water Pump)

Some manufacturers recommend replacing the timing belt every 30,000 miles, while others suggest 120,000 miles. Always replace the water pump when replacing the timing belt (even if it’s not leaking). Several other factors should be part of the equation when considering replacing a timing belt before the suggested mileage, including:

  • A poor running engine could indicate a loose timing belt.
  • An engine misfire places undo stress on a timing belt, shortening its life.
  • Missing teeth can cause a timing belt to make a ticking or squealing noise.
  • Lots of city stop-and-go driving, heavy acceleration and extreme temperatures reduce the number of miles timing belts last.
  • If you buy a used car with more than 50,000 miles and the seller cannot show proof the timing belt was ever replaced.

Better safe than sorry: replace the timing belt sooner than the manufacturer recommends. “Driving a car with a worn timing belt can lead to the timing belt snapping, which can definitely cause catastrophic [engine] damage,” says Jorge Pinto, a mechanic based in New Jersey.

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Replacing The Serpentine Belt

Serpentine belts can last between 50,000 and 100,000 miles. However, they wear slowly and may not show signs of wear and tear, but they will appear to be in good condition when they’re actually ready to fail. Inspect your serpentine belt during every oil change, not only for wear and tear but also for deterioration from an oil or coolant leak. Serpentine belts are affected by the other parts and accessories they “drive” (air conditioning compressor, power steering pump, alternator) and should be inspected regularly, especially if they are chirping or squealing. Replacing a serpentine belt (and mounting brackets, pulleys, tensioners and idler wheels if necessary) is a simple DIY job.

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Replacing Brakes

There is no mileage replacement recommendation for brakes and rotors. Brakes wear based on how you drive. All city or stop-and-go driving will cause brakes to wear as quickly as 20,000 miles. If you’re doing all highway driving, you can expect brakes to last 75,000 miles or more. Inspect brake pads for wear when rotating your tires (six months or 6,000 miles), or if your brakes are noisy, locking up, pulling to one side, or braking distance increases. The minimum thickness for brake pads is 3 mm to 4 mm—new brake linings are 12 mm thick. Replace brake pads when the brake friction material reaches 6mm, or less. Any thinner and the pads can’t dissipate heat, causing the brake pads, brake calipers, mounting hardware and rotors to overheat and fail. Replacing brake pads is a DIY project.

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Replacing Disc Brake Rotors

Under normal driving conditions, disc brake rotors should last 30,000 to 70,000 miles or longer. The brake rotors on many modern cars are not very thick, and usually, it’s better, safer (and in some cases less expensive) to replace them rather than resurfacing them. In addition to overheating due to worn disc brake pads, mechanical problems such as binding brake calipers, a bad wheel bearing, or semimetallic pads that may have been installed at some point cause cracking, glazing, scoring or excess rotor wear. And although often ignored, rust build up and uneven or over-tightening lug nuts with an impact wrench can also warp rotors. Replacing rotors yourself can save you hundreds of dollars.

A man, wearing gloves and safety glasses, is removing a suspension coil from a vehicle in a well-lit garage, exposing the brake and suspension components.

Replacing Shock Absorbers and Struts

Unless you drive recklessly, go off-roading, drive mostly on rough, uneven or bumpy roads or do lots of hard stop-and-go driving, shock absorbers should last about 50,000 miles or four to five years. MacPherson struts, which are similar to shocks, provide a smoother ride, absorb vibrations, and usually last 100,000 miles. Here are signs your shocks or struts are bad:

  • Longer stopping distances.
  • Abnormal tire wear.
  • Strange noises.
  • Excessive vibration.
  • Always have your car’s alignment checked after replacing shocks or struts (be sure to rotate and balance your tires and wheels every 6,000 to 8,000 miles, and have the alignment checked every 12,000 to 15,000 miles as part of your regular maintenance routine.)

Depending on your car’s year, make and model, your level of expertise and having the right tools, you can replace shocks and struts yourself saving hundreds of dollars, as well as the sense of pride of DIY.

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Replacing Engine and Cabin Air Filters

Both engine and cabin filters should be replaced between 15,000 and 30,000 miles (or one to two years). But it really depends on your driving conditions. Check the air filter every 12,000 miles, or at every oil change if you drive in dirty dusty conditions or do lots of city stop-and-go driving, replace both filters sooner. Replacing a dirty engine air filter can greatly increase gas mileage and improve overall engine performance and reliability. Besides affecting passenger compartment air quality (a cabin air filter removes allergens, odors, and other pollutants) a clogged cabin air filter causes the HVAC system to work harder (causing excess wear and tear on expensive components), reduces the ability to properly maintain passenger compartment temperatures and restricts air flow to the defroster making defogging the windshield take longer. Replacing these two filters is a simple DIY task.

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Replacing the Fuel Filter

Fuel filters are a small but critical part of a vehicle’s fuel supply system. While some manufacturers recommend replacing the fuel filter between 20,000 to 40,000 miles (or two years), others suggest 60,000 miles. A few manufacturers use fuel filters that never need replacing. Driving in dirty, dusty conditions, having a dirty air filter, using poor-quality fuel or moisture from condensation or contaminated fuel will cause your fuel filter to clog and will need to be replaced. Signs your fuel filter needs replacing include:

  • Poor engine performance
  • Hard starting
  • Stalling
  • Random misfire or rough idle
  • Fuel system part failures.

In most cases, you can replace the fuel filter yourself.

Es25790574 P0084 S Fhm Winter18.pdf

Replacing the PCV Valve

The Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) valve should be replaced every 24,000 miles or two years, again, depending on your driving condition. Checking the PVC once a year by removing the valve and shaking it. A small spring-loaded check valve inside the housing should rattle, meaning it is moving freely and the valve is working. Replace the PCV valve if you don’t hear the check valve rattling. Signs the PCV valve should be replaced include:

  • Poor acceleration.
  • Increased oil consumption or oil leaks due to pressure building up inside the crankcase
  • Check engine light on
  • Excess smoke or smog from the tailpipe.

You can easily replace the PCV Valve yourself.

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Replacing Oxygen (O2) Sensors

O2 sensors wear out and should be replaced every 50,000 to 100,000 miles or every five to six years. A failed or failing sensor affects fuel economy, drivability, increased tail pipe emissions and will turn on the check engine light. An O2 sensor contaminated from poor quality fuel, an overheated catalytic converter from an engine misfire, impact damage from road debris, or slow reacting O2 sensor results in a rich or lean air/fuel mixture and possible backfiring. Replacing an O2 sensor can be a DIY project, but you may need to have your repair shop determine which (some cars have four O2 sensors) are bad.

16 Most Common Car Repairs By Car Mileage Gettyimages 77866232

Replacing the Gas Cap

Gas caps may not have a specific mileage replacement, but they are a critical component of the emission control system that is often ignored. Rule of thumb is to replace them every 50,000 miles, if the cap is cracked, if the sealing gasket is torn, or if the cap will not tighten properly. A loose gas cap that is not fully sealed can trigger the check engine light and set multiple trouble codes that only a scan tool can clear. It takes only a minute to replace a gas cap, and it can save you time and money.

16 Most Common Car Repairs By Car Mileage Gettyimages 1224334843

Replacing Brake Fluid

FYI: Brake fluid goes bad. The fluid is exposed to extreme temperature fluctuations, tremendous pressure and can absorb moisture from the air. This contaminates the fluid and turns brake fluid into a caustic, corrosive substance that deteriorates the hydraulic brake system from the inside out. While you can just suck out old brake fluid from the master cylinder and add new fluid, replacing all of the old brake fluid every 30,000 miles (or two years) keeps your brakes working safely. If you have the correct tools, replacing brake fluid is a DIY undertaking. If not, leave this to the pros.

Drain Differential Step 2

Replacing Differential and Transfer Case Fluids

Most manufacturers recommend replacing differential (front and rear differentials on all-wheel drive and four-wheel drive cars) and transfer case fluids between 30,000 to 60,000 miles, again depending on how and where you drive. Check your owner’s manual for specific mileage and correct type differential and transfer case fluid, and possible additional fluid additives, which your car may need. Symptoms differential fluid need replacing include:

  • Differential(s) making whining, groaning or grinding noises.
  • Tires jumping, unusual clicking or popping noises, or severe steering wheel vibrations when turning.

Symptoms transfer case fluid needs replacing include:

  • Difficulty shifting into or out of all-wheel-drive or four-wheel-drive modes.
  • Whining, groaning, chattering or grinding noises from the transfer case.

Check around the differentials and transfer case for leaks during every oil change. Replacing differential fluid is a DIY project. Leave replacing the transfer case fluid to the pros.

FAQ

Based on mileage, when should I replace other fluids or parts in my car?

Family Handyman has plenty of valuable information on this question. Including:

  • Replacing motor oil, automatic transmission and power steering fluid.
  • The thermostat regulates engine temperature and is critical for maintaining optimal performance, helps maintain proper emission levels and prevents overheating. Most manufacturers no longer have a recommended mileage replacement for an engine thermostat. I replace my thermostat every time I replace engine coolant (five years or 50,000 miles) and in most cases is a DIY project than can increase the life of your engine.
  • Even windshield washer fluid if inside of the reservoir shows signs of rust, dirt or muck build-up.

Do turbocharged cars need fluids replaced more often?

Yes. Turbocharged engines run much hotter and at much higher RPMs. This causes protective additives in motor oil and coolant to break down faster, losing their lubricating properties and ability to regulate engine temperatures, as well as spark plugs wearing out quicker than in a conventional internal combustion engine. If you own a turbocharged car, it is crucial to follow the manufacturer’s recommended maintenance schedule.

What is more important, miles or months?

Whichever comes first!

Rule of thumb:

  • If you drive 50,000 miles in less than 60 months, you should make replacements at 50,000 miles — don’t wait until 60 months.
  • Conversely, if you drive less than 50,000 miles in less than 60 months, you should make replacements at 60 months — don’t wait until 50,000 miles.

If You See A Wrench Light Turn On, This Is What It Means

About the Experts

Jorge Pinto is an auto mechanic based in New Jersey.

Resources

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The Best Time to Prune Trees for Healthy Growth https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/when-to-prune-trees/ Mon, 07 Apr 2025 21:10:41 +0000 Learn the best times to prune your trees to promote health, safety and growth with expert tips for homeowners.

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Mature, healthy trees are among the most valuable assets on any residential property. After all, a fifty-year-old tree cannot easily be replaced. However, despite their size and strength, trees still need care to stay healthy and look their best. Pruning is a crucial part of tree maintenance, and it’s important to know when to prune trees and when to leave them alone.

While there are general pruning guidelines, the ideal timing will vary based on tree species and age. In this article, learn the best pruning times for your trees with expert advice from two horticultural experts.

Why Prune Trees?

“In the woods, trees do fine without us. In our landscapes, some trees benefit from regular pruning,” Suzanne DeJohn, horticulturalist at KidsGardening.org, says. Pruning helps preserve tree health, control shape and ensure safety.Without pruning, trees can become overcrowded and develop fungus from poor airflow or become overgrown. Pruning also removes dangerous dead or overhanging branches that may fall and cause damage. Failing to prune fruit trees can lead to reduced fruit production and disease.

Tools Needed to Prune Trees

  • Safety gear: Wear safety glasses and protective gloves when pruning trees with hand tools.
  • Bypass pruners/pruning shears: Ideal for trimming suckers and thin branches up to 3/4 inch thick.
  • Loppers: Longer handles mean better leverage to cut thicker branches up to 2-inch thick.
  • Pruning saw: A pruning saw with a curved or straight blade is best for branches thicker than 2 inches.
  • Pole Pruner: “Pole pruners help reach higher branches,” DeJohn says. They feature an extendable pole with a pruning saw or shears at the end.

When To Prune Most Trees

Late winter or early spring is a good time to prune most trees, including deciduous, evergreen and fruit trees, as this is their dormant season. “Dormant pruning” reduces stress on the tree and helps it recover before new growth emerges.

For deciduous trees, remove crowded or crossing branches to improve airflow and prune to shape. “Never remove more than 20 to 25 percent of branches in one season,” Samuel Schmitz, horticulture professor at Triton College, says. On young trees, prune offshoots and secondary trunks to encourage a strong main trunk.

For evergreens, pruning will mostly consist of removing any dead or diseased branches. Dormant prune lightly over several seasons to shape.

Avoid pruning any trees in fall, as it can expose the tree to diseases or stimulate new growth that may not survive winter. However, “It’s fine to remove dead or diseased wood at any time,” DeJohn says.

When to prune fruit trees

“Most fruit trees should be pruned in late winter, after the coldest temperature have passed but before the buds begin to swell and growth begins,” DeJohn says. “Sometimes, fruit trees are also lightly pruned in summer.”

When to prune flowering trees

For spring-blooming trees, prune right after they finish flowering. “If you wait too long to prune, you’ll remove the buds that produce the next year’s flowers,” DeJohn says.

Summer-blooming trees can be pruned in late winter to early spring before new growth begins. “They produce their flowers on the current season’s growth, so you won’t be removing any flower buds at that time,” DeJohn says.

How Often to Prune Most Trees

This will vary depending on the age and species of tree, but a general rule of thumb is every three to five years for most deciduous trees. “Larger trees may need to be pruned only as needed to remove dead branches or those that pose a hazard,” DeJohn says. Established evergreens often remove dead branches on their own and need less frequent pruning. Consider consulting with a certified arborist for tree-specific pruning recommendations.

How often to prune fruit trees

Fruit trees benefit from annual pruning in the late winter or early spring to remove dead branches and encourage new growth, as well as a light pruning in the summer for shaping. “Winter is best to do any structural or hard pruning,” Schmitz says. “Training and minor pruning can happen year-round.”

How often to prune flowering trees

When young, consider pruning flowering trees each year.”Young trees benefit from pruning to help guide their growth to the shape we desire,” DeJohn says. Once established, prune flowering trees when necessary to maintain shape or thin, crowded or crossing branches.

Pruning Timeline Tips

When to prune trees throughout the year:

  • Prune most trees from late December to February. During this time, remove dead branches, thin canopies, shape young trees and prune summer-flowering trees.
  • From March to May, prune spring-flowering trees after they bloom.
  • Late spring to early summer is for light, aesthetic pruning or removing suckers.
  • Avoid pruning during the hot summer months through fall, as trees can become stressed or diseased.

About the Experts

  • Samuel Schmitz is a full-time faculty instructor in the Horticulture Department at Triton College in Illinois. He was formerly Ground Operations Supervisor for Ball Horticultural Company for 16 years.
  • Suzanne DeJohn is a horticulturalist at KidsGardening.org, a national non-profit organization providing support to youth garden programs since 1982. Suzanne formerly worked for the nonprofit National Gardening Association’s Education Department as a writer and program promoter.

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What Is Passive Solar Design? https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/what-is-passive-solar-design/ Thu, 03 Apr 2025 19:35:49 +0000 https://www.familyhandyman.com/?p=665983 If you're building or renovating, passive solar design can make your house easier to keep comfortable. Our panel of experts tells you more.

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Passive solar design is nothing new — it has probably been around as long as people have been building houses — and it has nothing to do with solar panels. It’s all about creating a comfortable space by optimizing the use of the sun’s energy.

As solar installer Ben Zook explains: “Any system that uses a mechanical pump, an inverter, or other electrical conversion device is not truly ‘passive.’ That means that the only remaining way to have a truly passive solar system is by using the greenhouse effect… the same as an actual greenhouse!”

The transparent walls of a greenhouse allow radiation from the sun to provide indoor climate control, and while that’s a well-known example of passive solar design, it isn’t the only one. I sought help from a panel of home efficiency experts to get a clear idea of what defines passive solar design and how to use it effectively to stay comfortable and save energy.

What Is Passive Solar?

According to environmentalist Aidan Charron: “Passive solar refers to the use of natural sunlight to heat and light your home without using solar panels or arrays or anything mechanical. Instead, you use natural sunlight and exposure to the sun itself to organically capture heat and light inside your home. It’s achieved through clever design features and pre-planning.”

Elements of Passive Solar Design

We all use passive solar already, says Zook. “Imagine living without any sunlight, and you might understand how we ALL use sunlight. Most of it is passive, in one form or another.” When it comes to optimizing the use of solar energy in construction, builders use five strategies:

Orientation

The main wall of the building should be facing in the direction of the sun to maximize heat absorption. In the Northern Hemisphere, this means that it should face in a southerly direction and avoid, as much as possible, trees and landforms that block the sun.

Thermal mass

The materials you use to construct the building should be able to absorb heat and sunlight. Materials such as concrete, brick and stone — and even water stored in barrels — are very effective. They can absorb a lot of heat during the day and release it at night to help keep the building warm. “How well thermal mass works depends on its bulk, thickness, and where it is placed,” advises underfloor heating expert Gordon Chalk. “For it to work best, it needs to be either connected to a warm place or put in full sunlight.”

Windows/glazing

Windows that face south help maximize solar exposure. High-performance windows with low-E treatments and gas fills are best, says Chalk, because they help retain heat. As he says: “Picking windows is important! For windows facing south, choose SHGC (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient) numbers that are high to get the most heat from the sun. To help keep your home cooler in the summer, think about lowering the SHGC of windows that face east and west.”

Insulation

Insulation is a no-brainer. It helps maximize heat retention during the day and minimize heat loss at night. “Focus on continuous insulation to cut down on thermal bridging, which are spots where heat can easily leave,” says Chalk. “Because they often have weak spots, pay extra attention to the areas around doors and windows.”

Shade and ventilation

You need to optimize the use of shade and ventilation if you want your house to stay cool in the summer. Chalk advises using overhangs, awnings, trees, and even well-planned planting to help block the sun. Adjustable shade is best. “When curtains are pulled back in the winter, they let more light in. In the winter, deciduous trees lose their leaves, and in the summer, they provide shade, which lets the sun shine on the building.” It’s also advantageous to deploy fans throughout the house to keep air circulating.

Types of Passive Solar

Builders can approach passive solar design in four ways:

Direct gain

This is the most popular passive solar technique. The most obvious example is orienting windows toward the sun, thereby allowing the sun’s radiation to enter the living space directly and heat up the thermal mass in the walls and floor. The downside is that direct gain techniques, when not used correctly, cause glare and burning, so they need to be used in conjunction with shading solutions.

Indirect gain

The most common indirect gain mechanism is called a trombe wall, which is a dark-glazed wall, usually eight to 16 inches thick, placed behind a glass barrier with a 3/4-inch separation. “The wall that gets hot from the sun moves the heat into the sitting area,” explains Chalk. “The more controlled way that trombone walls let heat out is not possible with direct gain systems. On top of that, they protect against pretty big changes in temperature.”

Isolated gain

Charron explains: “Isolated gain is when the heat hits a sun room or even a greenhouse and then radiates into any adjoining rooms through vents or internal windows.” One of the advantages of this technique is that you can use it on an existing structure that hasn’t already been optimized for solar gain.

Roofing

So far, we’ve focused on walls, but roofer Brian Davis adds this: “Roofing is a key element of passive solar design, playing a crucial role in regulating heat absorption and reflection…Lighter-colored roofs reflect sunlight, reducing heat absorption and keeping homes cooler, while darker roofs retain warmth to help with heating.”

Does Passive Solar Really Save Money on Utilities?

Yes. All the experts I interviewed would agree with this assessment from Zook: “It can and usually does. Especially when done right, passive solar design will save you money on utilities.” According to Davis, even installing a new roof can cut energy costs by 10 to 15 percent.

Passive Solar Pros and Cons

Pros

  • Energy savings
  • Low maintenance
  • Eco-friendly
  • Improved comfort

Cons

  • Dependent on climate
  • Temperature fluctuations that can be difficult to control
  • Design complexity leading to high up-front costs
  • Usually requires additional active heating

FAQ

What is the difference between passive and active solar energy?

Passive solar design relies on building placement, materials and the surrounding landscape while active solar is concerned with techniques for converting sunlight into energy. Chalk puts it this way: “Active solar is more about technology, while passive solar is more about how it is set up.” Solar panels passively collect sunlight, but because they convert it to electricity, they are part of an active energy system.

Is passive solar heating efficient?

“It can be if you design your home to maximize sunlight capture and have a system to block the sunlight when it gets too warm,” says Charron. “It’s a smart way to naturally make our homes more energy smart.” All panel members agreed.

Is passive solar better for heating or cooling?

Generally, passive solar is better for heating, but if you use shade and ventilation properly, it can also help keep your house cool. One effective cooling technique, according to Chalk, is to open windows at night to reduce thermal mass.

About the Experts

  • Ben Zook is the owner and NABCEP Certified Master Electrician at Belmont Solar. He specializes in solar installation, including grid-tied, off-grid, and solar battery backup systems.
  • Brian Davis is the AIA, LEED AP, GRP, and Technical Support Director at Brava Roof Tile.
  • Gordon Chalk is the managing director at Next Level Underfloor Heating and Screed Solutions LTD, based in the UK.
  • Aidan Charron is the Associate Director of Earthday.org and is a global leader of the Planet vs Plastics campaign.

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